U3AOS2 Flashcards
Classical conditioning structure
Before conditioning:
An UCS produces UCR. A NS produces no response.
During conditioning:
NS is repeatedly presented immediately before UCS multiple times, and UCS produces UCR.
After conditioning:
NS is now CS, produces UCR which is now conditioned response.
Antecedent, behaviour, consequence definition
Antecedent- stimulus before behaviour
Behaviour- voluntary action to antecedent
Consequence- something that makes behaviour more or less likely to happen
Types of consequences (operant)
Positive- something given
Negative- something taken away
Reinforcement- Increases likelihood of behaviour
Punishment- Decreases likelihood of behaviour
Observational learning stages
Attention- Actively watching
Retention- stores mental representation of behaviour
Reproduction- Physically and mentally being able to replicate behaviour
Motivation-having desire to imitate behaviour
Reinforcement- Influences likelihood of reproducing behaviour
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ways of knowing
Non-verbal
Non-linear
Land links
Learning maps
Story sharing
Symbols and images
Community links
Deconstruct/reconstruct
Systems of knowledge and Country
Systems of knowledge- knowledge/skills are based on interconnected social, physical and spiritual understandings
Country- traditional lands of a particular language or cultural group
Atkinson Shiffrin model of memory stages
Sensory memory –> attention –> STM –> rehearsal –> encoding –> LTM –> retrieval to short term memory
Atkinson Shiffrin model- capacity and duration of stages
Sensory memory- Unlimited. 0.2-4 seconds
STM- 7+-2. 12-30 seconds. Capacity can be expanded through chunking
LTM- Unlimited. Relatively permanent
Hippocampus location and function
Temporal lobes
Encodes, consolidates and retrieves explicit memories
Amygdala and basal ganglia location and function
Deep within cerebral cortex
Amygdala
- regulates emotions
- encodes long term memories with emotional responses and enhances these memories
- emotional component of CC memory
Basal ganglia
- involved in procedural memory, routine behaviours
- Stores implicit memories
Neocortex location and function
Top layer of cerebral cortex
Stores and retrieves explicit memories
Cerebellum location and function
Next to brain stem
Coordinates fine muscle movements
Encodes and stores implicit simple memories (motor skills and CC reflexes)
Explicit memory definition and categories
Consciously recalled memories
Semantic memory (facts)
Episodic memory (events from our lives)
Social cognitive approach to learning
proposes that leaning takes place in a social context and involves cognitive processes
Autobiographical memory
episodes recalled from a persons life. Involves both episodic and semantic memory
Alzheimers disease definition and symptoms
Neurodegenerative disorder characterised by widespread neuron degeneration
- Decrease in cognitive functions
- Personality change
- Frequently becoming confused
Lesions, neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques
Lesions- Areas of damaged tissue
Amyloid plaques- Damaged tissue around neurons
Neurofibrillary tangles- Damaged tissue in neurons
Implicit memory definition and categories
Unconsciously recalled memories of how to do something
Procedural
Classical conditioning
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter important in memory
Possibly imagined futures
mentally experiencing an event that may happen. Involves both episodic and semantic memory
Brain atrophy
Loss of neurons and it’s connections
How does Alzheimers disease progress through areas of the brain?
Hippocampus –> Neocortex –> cerebellum
Therefore consolidation of new explicit memories is the first to be impacted
Also leads to a reduced ability to retrieve LTM of autobiographical memories and constructing possible imagined futures
Aphantasia
The inability to generate mental imagery
Referring to autobiographical memory and possible imagined futures, explain how aphantasia affects individuals?
- Not able to visualise detailed and vivid episodic memories
- Semantic memory may be intact but visual component is lacking
- Can’t make vivid, detailed mental imagery so can’t recall autobiographical events and imagine possible future events
Name 3 aphantasia symptoms
- struggle to remember autobiographical memories
- Difficulty imagining hypothetical events
- Dream less
- Difficulty recognising faces
Acrostics definition and example
Where the first letters of items create a phrase, rhyme, or poem to aid memory e.g. Never Eat Soggy Weet-bix corresponds to north, south, east, west
Acronym definition and example
A word that is formed from the first letter of each word that is to be remembered e.g. SAME: Sensory=Afferent, Motor=Efferent
Method of loci definition and example
Converting items into mental images and associate them with a location. E.g. Remembering a grocery list by imagining a grocery store and walking through the aisles
How do acrostics, acronyms and method of loci help in memory?
Acrostics- Links new info to phrases we already know, helps encoding and storage of info
Acronym- Helps encoding and storage of memory as they help link info
Method of loci- Location acts as a retrieval cue; makes it easier to retrieve info
Songlines definition
Navigational route comprising of a sequence of locations use by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
Refer to encoding elaboration and storage
How do songlines aid in memory?
Encoding: Listening, repeating, practicing and dance
Elaboration
- Narratiive structure (series of events linked to places)
- Vivid narrative imagery
Storage
- within networks of kinship between places and entities in Country
- evokes emotions, increases likelihood of memorising event
