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Psychology > U3AOS2 > Flashcards

U3AOS2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Classical conditioning structure

A

Before conditioning:
An UCS produces UCR. A NS produces no response.
During conditioning:
NS is repeatedly presented immediately before UCS multiple times, and UCS produces UCR.
After conditioning:
NS is now CS, produces UCR which is now conditioned response.

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2
Q

Antecedent, behaviour, consequence definition

A

Antecedent- stimulus before behaviour
Behaviour- voluntary action to antecedent
Consequence- something that makes behaviour more or less likely to happen

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3
Q

Types of consequences (operant)

A

Positive- something given
Negative- something taken away
Reinforcement- Increases likelihood of behaviour
Punishment- Decreases likelihood of behaviour

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3
Q

Observational learning stages

A

Attention- Actively watching
Retention- stores mental representation of behaviour
Reproduction- Physically and mentally being able to replicate behaviour
Motivation-having desire to imitate behaviour
Reinforcement- Influences likelihood of reproducing behaviour

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4
Q

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ways of knowing

A

Non-verbal
Non-linear
Land links
Learning maps
Story sharing
Symbols and images
Community links
Deconstruct/reconstruct

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5
Q

Systems of knowledge and Country

A

Systems of knowledge- knowledge/skills are based on interconnected social, physical and spiritual understandings
Country- traditional lands of a particular language or cultural group

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5
Q

Atkinson Shiffrin model of memory stages

A

Sensory memory –> attention –> STM –> rehearsal –> encoding –> LTM –> retrieval to short term memory

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6
Q

Atkinson Shiffrin model- capacity and duration of stages

A

Sensory memory- Unlimited. 0.2-4 seconds
STM- 7+-2. 12-30 seconds. Capacity can be expanded through chunking
LTM- Unlimited. Relatively permanent

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7
Q

Hippocampus location and function

A

Temporal lobes
Encodes, consolidates and retrieves explicit memories

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8
Q

Amygdala and basal ganglia location and function

A

Deep within cerebral cortex
Amygdala
- regulates emotions
- encodes long term memories with emotional responses and enhances these memories
- emotional component of CC memory
Basal ganglia
- involved in procedural memory, routine behaviours
- Stores implicit memories

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9
Q

Neocortex location and function

A

Top layer of cerebral cortex
Stores and retrieves explicit memories

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10
Q

Cerebellum location and function

A

Next to brain stem
Coordinates fine muscle movements
Encodes and stores implicit simple memories (motor skills and CC reflexes)

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11
Q

Explicit memory definition and categories

A

Consciously recalled memories
Semantic memory (facts)
Episodic memory (events from our lives)

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11
Q

Social cognitive approach to learning

A

proposes that leaning takes place in a social context and involves cognitive processes

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12
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

episodes recalled from a persons life. Involves both episodic and semantic memory

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12
Q

Alzheimers disease definition and symptoms

A

Neurodegenerative disorder characterised by widespread neuron degeneration
- Decrease in cognitive functions
- Personality change
- Frequently becoming confused

12
Q

Lesions, neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques

A

Lesions- Areas of damaged tissue
Amyloid plaques- Damaged tissue around neurons
Neurofibrillary tangles- Damaged tissue in neurons

12
Q

Implicit memory definition and categories

A

Unconsciously recalled memories of how to do something
Procedural
Classical conditioning

13
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter important in memory

13
Q

Possibly imagined futures

A

mentally experiencing an event that may happen. Involves both episodic and semantic memory

13
Q

Brain atrophy

A

Loss of neurons and it’s connections

14
Q

How does Alzheimers disease progress through areas of the brain?

A

Hippocampus –> Neocortex –> cerebellum
Therefore consolidation of new explicit memories is the first to be impacted
Also leads to a reduced ability to retrieve LTM of autobiographical memories and constructing possible imagined futures

15
Q

Aphantasia

A

The inability to generate mental imagery

16
Q

Referring to autobiographical memory and possible imagined futures, explain how aphantasia affects individuals?

A
  • Not able to visualise detailed and vivid episodic memories
  • Semantic memory may be intact but visual component is lacking
  • Can’t make vivid, detailed mental imagery so can’t recall autobiographical events and imagine possible future events
17
Q

Name 3 aphantasia symptoms

A
  • struggle to remember autobiographical memories
  • Difficulty imagining hypothetical events
  • Dream less
  • Difficulty recognising faces
18
Q

Acrostics definition and example

A

Where the first letters of items create a phrase, rhyme, or poem to aid memory e.g. Never Eat Soggy Weet-bix corresponds to north, south, east, west

19
Q

Acronym definition and example

A

A word that is formed from the first letter of each word that is to be remembered e.g. SAME: Sensory=Afferent, Motor=Efferent

20
Q

Method of loci definition and example

A

Converting items into mental images and associate them with a location. E.g. Remembering a grocery list by imagining a grocery store and walking through the aisles

21
Q

How do acrostics, acronyms and method of loci help in memory?

A

Acrostics- Links new info to phrases we already know, helps encoding and storage of info
Acronym- Helps encoding and storage of memory as they help link info
Method of loci- Location acts as a retrieval cue; makes it easier to retrieve info

22
Q

Songlines definition

A

Navigational route comprising of a sequence of locations use by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

23
Q

Refer to encoding elaboration and storage

How do songlines aid in memory?

A

Encoding: Listening, repeating, practicing and dance
Elaboration
- Narratiive structure (series of events linked to places)
- Vivid narrative imagery
Storage
- within networks of kinship between places and entities in Country
- evokes emotions, increases likelihood of memorising event

Psychology (5 decks)

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