U4 Aos1 Flashcards
3 characteristics of a high income country
- Wide range of industries = More money for individuals
3% workforce = agriculture (World Bank) - High levels of education
- Adequate housing/high quality housing
Example: Australia
3 characteristics of a middle income country
- Moderate levels of poverty
- Basic health systems
- Moderate levels of food security
Example: China
3 characteristics of a low income country
- Low average incomes
- High birth rates and population growth
- Limited access to safe water and sanitation
Example: Zimbabwe
differences in health status
differences in burden of disease
access to safe water
Refers to water that is not contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead and mercury.
sanitation
Refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, but can also refer to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.
poverty
Extreme poverty is defined as living on less than $2.15 PPP (purchasing power parity) per day whilst poverty also refers to deprivation and lack of ability to purchase resources such as food, shelter, clean water and healthcare to meet basic needs, and the deprivation of intangible resources such as social inclusion, and opportunities for education and decision making.
inequality and discrimination - race
- Racial discrimination is when a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status.
- Often results in social exclusion, preventing millions of people from participating in the society in which they live in relation to education, access to healthcare, community participation, employment and housing.
inequality and discrimination - religion
- Every day, many members of religious or belief communities face discrimination based on their religion or belief.
- According to VicHealth, religious discrimination has been shown to contribute to increased rates of:
anxiety, depression, psychiatric disorders, stress, decreased life satisfaction, self-rated poor health status, cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, drug use.
inequality and discrimination - sex
- Sex refers to the physiological characteristics, including the DNA and sex organs, present in an individual at birth. In most cases, people are born as either male or female, although some people are born with a combination of both male and female characteristics, referred to as ‘intersex’
- Women have less say in decisions affecting their lives and are often to abide by the fathers or husbands decision ie lack access to family planning, food, education, health care increasing burden of disease and maternal mortality
inequality and discrimination - sexual orientation
- Sexual orientation describes the sex that an individual is sexually and romantically attracted to. It is also associated with discrimination and inequality around the world.
- Those who do not identify as heterosexual are often subjected to discrimination, including being:
- Refused jobs, refused opportunities for education, refused healthcare, subjected to sexual assault, subjected to physical beatings, subjected to criminal proceedings, subjected to the death penalty.
inequality and discrimination - gender identity
- Gender identity describes how individuals perceive themselves as male, female, a blend of both, or neither. One’s gender identity can be the same or different from the sex assigned at birth.
- Individuals who are transgender or gender non-conforming are at higher risk of discrimination in most societies and experience:
- higher rates of mental disorders
- higher rates of physical and sexual assault
- increased rates of self-harm including suicide.
global distribution and marketing of TOBACCO
Higher rates of smoking in low- and middle-income countries have contributed to an increased burden of disease, particularly an increase in premature death (YLL) as a result of various forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease and respiratory conditions associated with smoking.
global distribution and marketing of ALCOHOL
Due to a lack of laws and/or law enforcement such as the minimum age to purchase alcohol in low-income countries this can lead to more people consuming alcohol increasing the risk of violence and injury as a result of impaired judgement due to overconsumption of alcohol therefore increasing burden of disease attributed to YLD, the non fatal component.
