U3 Aos2 Flashcards
Old public health
change?
prevent?
list
Government actions that focus on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal.
One practice of old public health
Providing/installing infrastructure to protect the quality of water
One policy of old public health
Australian government introduced quarantine laws after the bubonic plague to stop disease transmission between borders
Biomedical model of health
__ or __ of disease and illness
__ __ practiced by __ and ___
Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model practiced by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.
3 advantages of biomedical model
- It extends life expectancy
- It improves quality of life and health adjusted life expectancy
- improvements in technology and research
3 disadvantages of biomedical model of health
- costly
- It doesn’t always promote good health and wellbeing
- Not every condition can be treated
Social model of health (new public health)
expands the traditional focus on individual behavior change
(4 ENVIRONME
An approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behavior change to one that considers the way in which physical, sociocultural, economic and political environments impact on health.
Addresses the broader determinants of health
- Focuses on all determinants (factors) that lead to inequalities in health
- Considers the wider reasons why people behave and make choices the way they do
- Gender, culture, race or ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographic location and physical environment
Key factors of health promotion strategies
Acts to Reduce Social Inequities
promotes _
addresses what??
- Promotes equity for all people by seeking to address factors which contribute to inequities in health status and health services amongst different population groups
Religion, gender, age, race, SES, social exclusion
Empower Individuals and Communities
with?
opportunity to participate
gives them health literacy
- Empowering individuals and communities with health knowledge and resources gives people an opportunity to participate in decision making about their health and wellbeing and gives them health literacy and skills to change behaviours
- When referring to this principle, always give examples of skills people are being empowered with
Acts to enable access to health care
Improving access to healthcare services and information based on needs
Involves inter-sectoral collaboration
work on?
Involves organisations and stakeholders (people with a shared interest) coming together to work on projects which address social and environmental determinants of health
3 ADVANTAGES of SMOH
- Promotes good health and wellbeing and assists in preventing disease
- focuses on vulnerable population groups
- Less expensive than biomedical approach
3 DISADVANTAGES of SMOH
- Not every disease or illness can be prevented - the causes of some conditions may be genetic and difficult to prevent in education and behavior change
- Does not promote development of technology or medical knowledge - focuses on the broader determinants of health and educating communities. It does not promote medical advancements
- Does not address the health and wellbeing concerns of individuals - social model of health focuses on education and behavior change within communities therefore health outcomes may not improve in a population
Ottawa Charter
developed by?
Aim?
reflects?
Strategies?
An approach to health developed by the World Health Organization that aims to reduce inequalities in health. It reflects the social model of health and provides five action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health status, all of which are centered around three strategies for health promotion which are enabling, mediating and advocacy.
Build healthy public policy
Laws and policies that make it easier to practice good health (or harder to practice bad health)
Create supportive environments
Making it easier for people to make healthy choices by providing a physical and social environment that promotes health rather than detracts from it
Strengthen Community Action
Refers to involving many different groups within the community to work towards a common goal of improving health.
Develop personal skills
providing?
take?
make?
- Providing and educating people with the skills they need to be able to take control of their health and make healthy choices
3 ADVANTAGES of PHI
- Enables access to private hospital care
- Choice of doctor while in public or private hospital
- Shorter waiting times for some medical procedures such as elective surgery
Reorient health services
Moving from the biomedical model to a health promotion and preventative focus
Medicare
__ __ __
designed by?
availiable to who?
aim?
Medicare is Australia’s universal health scheme. Designed by the Federal Government, it is available to all Australians, permanent residents or those with a reciprocal agreement, with an aim to provide a fee-free or subsidized cost on a range of health care services.
3 services covered by Medicare
- Consultation fees for doctors (general practitioners or GPs)
- Consultations with specialists
- Tests and examinations needed to treat illnesses, such as X-rays and pathology (blood tests and eye tests performed by optometrists)
3 services NOT covered by Medicare
- Home nursing care or treatment
- Ambulance services
- Orthodontics
Medicare Safety Net
Extra?
for who?
Extra financial assistance for those that incur significant out-of-pocket costs for Medicare services. Once an individual or family has contributed a certain amount out of their own pocket to Medicare services in a calendar year ($470 in 2019), further financial support is provided by the government, making Medicare services cheaper for the remainder of that year. EQUITY
Schedule Fee
The amount that Medicare contributes towards certain consultations and treatments. The schedule fees are based on the amount that is thought to be ‘reasonable’ on average, for that particular service. It is now $41.40
Patient co-payment
the payment made by the consumer for health products or services in addition to the amount paid by the government.
Bulk Billing
When the doctor charges only the schedule fee. The payment is claimed directly from Medicare so there are no out-of-pocket expenses for the patient.
3 ADVANTAGES of Medicare
- Choice of doctor for out-of-hospital services
- Available to all Australian citizens - prolonged life expectancy
- Reciprocal agreement between Australia and other countries allows Australian citizens to access free healthcare in selected countries
3 DISADVANTAGES of Medicare
- No choice of doctor for in-hospital treatments
- Waiting lists for many treatments
- often does not cover the full cost of treatments
Medicare Levy
an additional 2% tax placed on the taxable income of most taxpayers. Those with low incomes or with specific circumstances may be exempt from paying the levy, which is fair and equitable.
Medicare Levy Surcharge
People have to pay up to an extra 1.5% Medicare levy Surcharge on top of 2% levy for high income earners without PHI. It is means tested which means that amount of tax paid is based on income level.
Incentive for PHI.
Private Health Insurance (PHI)
_ _ policy
pay?
in return for?
A health insurance policy that individuals and families can choose to purchase and pay a premium in return for a private company making payments towards health-related services/costs NOT covered by Medicare
Lifetime cover
a government initiative designed to encourage individuals to purchase and maintain private patient hospital insurance cover earlier in life.
People who take up private insurance after the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on their premiums for every year they are over the age of 30.
Private Health Insurance rebate
- An amount the government contributes towards the cost of private hospital health insurance premiums
- This rebate is means tested, which means eligibility depends on income level. The higher the income the lower the rebate entitlement, or no rebate at all. Higher rebates for older people.
- This rebate increases the affordability of private health insurance and decreases the pressure on the public health care system
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)
providing?
Provided by the Federal Government, the PBS is a fee-free or subsidized cost to essential prescription medication, providing Australians with a range of vital medications at affordable prices.
Funding
Adequate money provided to the healthcare system that reduces the cost of required treatment.
Funding relating to MEDICARE
Funds part or all of the fees associated with health services, including doctor and specialist consultation, pathology tests and free treatment in public hospitals.
Funding relating to PHI
Government funds private health insurance rebate, meaning that PHI is more affordable for more people.
Funding relating to NDIS
Funds provide carers who can provide support for daily living and help individuals to stay socially connected.
Funding relating to PBS
Free or subsidized medication, providing treatment for many conditions.
Access
All Australians have timely access to health facilities based on needs and not ability to pay, regardless of where they live.
Access relating to MEDICARE
Access is promoted by Telehealth for those living outside major cities.
Access relating to PHI
Accessing PHI takes pressure off the public health system therefore there is a greater access to the public health system for those who cannot afford PHI.
Access relating to PBS
Based on needs, increases timely access for life-saving medication and subsidizes expensive prescription medicines for low income.
Access relating to NDIS
Support available regardless of an individual’s income or location.
Sustainability
provide?
to be?
Capacity to provide a workforce and infrastructure (facilities and equipment) for current and future generations and to be innovative and responsive to emerging needs both now and in the future through interventions such as research and monitoring.
Sustainability relating to MEDICARE
Medicare Levy increased from 1.5%-2% in July 2014 which ensured that the NDIS was funded and that Medicare continued to run.
Sustainability relating to PHI
PHI rebate makes it more affordable to take out PHI. Takes pressure off public health system and costs the government less money.
Sustainability relating to NDIS
Individualised plan ensures that only necessary items are paid for therefore the resources are available now and in the future.
Sustainability relating to PBS
only subsidizes a limited number of prescription medicines, regularly reviewed to make sure greatest benefits are prioritized.
Equity
All Australians have different healthcare needs so an equitable system provides more support for those who need it.
Equity relating to MEDICARE
Medicare Safety Net, greater subsidies for people with greater healthcare costs.
Equity relating to PBS
PBS safety net, greater subsidies for people with greater healthcare costs.
Equity relating to NDIS
only available to those with significant, permanent disabilities, there is no co-payment.
PBS patient co-payment
The co-payment is the amount you pay towards the cost of your PBS subsidized medicine. Many PBS medicines cost significantly more than the co-payment amount.
Equity relating to PHI
PHI rebate is income tested, which means that those with a lower income receive higher rebates.
3 DISADVANTAGES of PHI
- Costly in terms of the premiums that have to be paid - people can’t afford it
- Sometimes have a ‘gap’ which means the insurance doesn’t cover the whole fee and the individual must pay the difference
- Policies can be complex for the individual to understand and so create confusion for the average person - time consuming to find private health insurance
PBS safety net
Once an individual/family has reached a certain amount of spending on pharmaceuticals each year the government subsidy increases, and the patient co-payment decreases for the rest of that year.
3 ADVANTAGES of PBS
- Provides access to essential medication at a subsidized rate or in some cases no cost
- Enables access to medications from local pharmacies and does not require medications to be purchased from specialized services
- Available to all Australian citizens, regardless of their age or income
3 DISADVANTAGES of PBS
- Expensive - places a significant financial burden on the Commonwealth Government
- It does not generally cover all medications
- For most Australians, there is still a co-payment
Criteria to be eligible for NDIS
- Aged under 65
- Be an Australian citizen or hold a permanent visa or a Protected Special Category visa
- Live in Australia where the NDIS is available
- You have an impairment or condition that is likely to be permanent
6 evaluation criteria
- Is the program culturally appropriate?
- Is it affordable?
- Is it accessible?
- Is the program based on needs?
- Is the program sustainable?
- Is the program results focused
Why has skin cancer been targeted in Australia?
- contributes significantly to burden of disease in Australia
- contributes significant economic costs to the health care system and individuals
- The incidence of melanoma is increasing significantly and Australia has the highest rates of melanoma globally.
SunSmart program
- targeted at skin cancer prevention and early detection
- mass media campaigns and advocacy - advocate for strategies that aim to reduce the health and economic burdens of skin cancer.
- dedicated to reducing skin cancer incidence, morbidity and mortality through a targeted prevention and early detection program.
How the SunSmart program reflects BUILD HEALTHY PUBLIC POLICY
Banning of solariums and tanning beds - 2015
Victoria first to legislate in 2008, officially banned in 2015 Australia wide
How the SunSmart program reflects CREATE SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS
UV widget - up to date sun protection information to make it easier to practice better health
How the SunSmart program reflects STRENGTHEN COMMUNITY ACTION
Australian Gov, Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) and Cancer Council coming together to provide live UV data on SunSmart global UV app
How the SunSmart program reflects DEVELOP PERSONAL SKILLS
SunSmart global UV app provides people with skills on when to re-apply sunscreen
SunSmart UV widget provides people with skills on how much sunscreen to apply
How the SunSmart program reflects REORIENT HEALTH SERVICES
Skin check truck is in people’s communities, not in hospitals
SunSmart is focused on the prevention of skin cancer not the cure
Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG’s)
The Australian dietary guidelines (the guidelines) provide up-to-date advice about the amount and kinds of foods that we need to eat for health and wellbeing. The recommendations are based on scientific evidence, developed after looking at good quality research.
Aims of ADG’s
- Promote health and wellbeing
- Reduce the risk of diet-related conditions, such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure and obesity
- Reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes, CVD and some types of cancers
Strengths of ADG’s
- Provides comprehensive and detailed guidelines as to the foods that should be consumed
- Serving sizes and number of daily servings itemized
- Guideline 2 encourages people to eat a wide variety of food so that all the nutrients required for good health and wellbeing are obtained
Limitations of ADG’s
- Could be difficult to understand and interpret if they have low levels of health literacy as they are in a written format
- The guidelines do not necessarily cater to different cultural eating patterns therefore not all Australians may follow these guidelines
- Difficult to analyze mixed food and meals such as a casserole or soup
ADG 1
To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs.
ADG 2
Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the 5 food groups every day and drink plenty of water.
ADG 3
Limit the intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.
ADG 4
Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding.
ADG 5
Care for your food; prepare and store it safely.
Australian Guide to Healthy Eating
Food selection tool which visually represents the proportion of the five food groups recommended for consumption each day
Nutrition Australia (and 3 initiatives)
Australia’s primary community nutrition education body. A non-government body that works with fellow non-government and government bodies and provides them with up-to-date scientific nutrition information and advice.
- free downloadable recipes
- project dinner time
- healthy lunchbox week
Healthy Eating Pyramid
The Healthy Eating Pyramid is a simple visual guide and food selection tool to the types and proportion of foods that should be eaten every day for good health.
Time constraints
Challenge for dietary change - For many families where both parents are employed, more time is spent working and less time is spent preparing food. As a result, convenience foods are often consumed because there is a lack of time to purchase fresh ingredients and prepare a meal from scratch.
Willpower
Challenge for dietary change - Related to self-control, willpower is defined by the American Psychological Association as ‘the ability to resist short-term temptations in order to meet long-term goals’.
Education, nutrition knowledge and cooking skills
Challenge for dietary change - Lack of education can also lead to consumers believing that they are consuming healthy foods as they do not have the skills to accurately assess their current food intake.
NDIS
The NDIS is a nationals insurance scheme that provides support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers. The Scheme was established in 2013 by the federal government.
