U3 Aos2 Flashcards
Old public health
change?
prevent?
list
Government actions that focus on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal.
One practice of old public health
Providing/installing infrastructure to protect the quality of water
One policy of old public health
Australian government introduced quarantine laws after the bubonic plague to stop disease transmission between borders
Biomedical model of health
__ or __ of disease and illness
__ __ practiced by __ and ___
Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model practiced by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.
3 advantages of biomedical model
- It extends life expectancy
- It improves quality of life and health adjusted life expectancy
- improvements in technology and research
3 disadvantages of biomedical model of health
- costly
- It doesn’t always promote good health and wellbeing
- Not every condition can be treated
Social model of health (new public health)
expands the traditional focus on individual behavior change
(4 ENVIRONME
An approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behavior change to one that considers the way in which physical, sociocultural, economic and political environments impact on health.
Addresses the broader determinants of health
- Focuses on all determinants (factors) that lead to inequalities in health
- Considers the wider reasons why people behave and make choices the way they do
- Gender, culture, race or ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographic location and physical environment
Key factors of health promotion strategies
Acts to Reduce Social Inequities
promotes _
addresses what??
- Promotes equity for all people by seeking to address factors which contribute to inequities in health status and health services amongst different population groups
Religion, gender, age, race, SES, social exclusion
Empower Individuals and Communities
with?
opportunity to participate
gives them health literacy
- Empowering individuals and communities with health knowledge and resources gives people an opportunity to participate in decision making about their health and wellbeing and gives them health literacy and skills to change behaviours
- When referring to this principle, always give examples of skills people are being empowered with
Acts to enable access to health care
Improving access to healthcare services and information based on needs
Involves inter-sectoral collaboration
work on?
Involves organisations and stakeholders (people with a shared interest) coming together to work on projects which address social and environmental determinants of health
3 ADVANTAGES of SMOH
- Promotes good health and wellbeing and assists in preventing disease
- focuses on vulnerable population groups
- Less expensive than biomedical approach
3 DISADVANTAGES of SMOH
- Not every disease or illness can be prevented - the causes of some conditions may be genetic and difficult to prevent in education and behavior change
- Does not promote development of technology or medical knowledge - focuses on the broader determinants of health and educating communities. It does not promote medical advancements
- Does not address the health and wellbeing concerns of individuals - social model of health focuses on education and behavior change within communities therefore health outcomes may not improve in a population
Ottawa Charter
developed by?
Aim?
reflects?
Strategies?
An approach to health developed by the World Health Organization that aims to reduce inequalities in health. It reflects the social model of health and provides five action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health status, all of which are centered around three strategies for health promotion which are enabling, mediating and advocacy.
Build healthy public policy
Laws and policies that make it easier to practice good health (or harder to practice bad health)
Create supportive environments
Making it easier for people to make healthy choices by providing a physical and social environment that promotes health rather than detracts from it
Strengthen Community Action
Refers to involving many different groups within the community to work towards a common goal of improving health.
Develop personal skills
providing?
take?
make?
- Providing and educating people with the skills they need to be able to take control of their health and make healthy choices
3 ADVANTAGES of PHI
- Enables access to private hospital care
- Choice of doctor while in public or private hospital
- Shorter waiting times for some medical procedures such as elective surgery
Reorient health services
Moving from the biomedical model to a health promotion and preventative focus
Medicare
__ __ __
designed by?
availiable to who?
aim?
Medicare is Australia’s universal health scheme. Designed by the Federal Government, it is available to all Australians, permanent residents or those with a reciprocal agreement, with an aim to provide a fee-free or subsidized cost on a range of health care services.
3 services covered by Medicare
- Consultation fees for doctors (general practitioners or GPs)
- Consultations with specialists
- Tests and examinations needed to treat illnesses, such as X-rays and pathology (blood tests and eye tests performed by optometrists)
3 services NOT covered by Medicare
- Home nursing care or treatment
- Ambulance services
- Orthodontics
Medicare Safety Net
Extra?
for who?
Extra financial assistance for those that incur significant out-of-pocket costs for Medicare services. Once an individual or family has contributed a certain amount out of their own pocket to Medicare services in a calendar year ($470 in 2019), further financial support is provided by the government, making Medicare services cheaper for the remainder of that year. EQUITY
Schedule Fee
The amount that Medicare contributes towards certain consultations and treatments. The schedule fees are based on the amount that is thought to be ‘reasonable’ on average, for that particular service. It is now $41.40
Patient co-payment
the payment made by the consumer for health products or services in addition to the amount paid by the government.
Bulk Billing
When the doctor charges only the schedule fee. The payment is claimed directly from Medicare so there are no out-of-pocket expenses for the patient.
3 ADVANTAGES of Medicare
- Choice of doctor for out-of-hospital services
- Available to all Australian citizens - prolonged life expectancy
- Reciprocal agreement between Australia and other countries allows Australian citizens to access free healthcare in selected countries
3 DISADVANTAGES of Medicare
- No choice of doctor for in-hospital treatments
- Waiting lists for many treatments
- often does not cover the full cost of treatments
Medicare Levy
an additional 2% tax placed on the taxable income of most taxpayers. Those with low incomes or with specific circumstances may be exempt from paying the levy, which is fair and equitable.
Medicare Levy Surcharge
People have to pay up to an extra 1.5% Medicare levy Surcharge on top of 2% levy for high income earners without PHI. It is means tested which means that amount of tax paid is based on income level.
Incentive for PHI.
Private Health Insurance (PHI)
_ _ policy
pay?
in return for?
A health insurance policy that individuals and families can choose to purchase and pay a premium in return for a private company making payments towards health-related services/costs NOT covered by Medicare
Lifetime cover
a government initiative designed to encourage individuals to purchase and maintain private patient hospital insurance cover earlier in life.
People who take up private insurance after the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on their premiums for every year they are over the age of 30.
