U4 AOS 2 Definitions Flashcards
rationales UN SDGS
- A new set of goals and targets were needed when the Millenium Development Goals (MDG) finished in 2015
- global framework of action to address poverty and make global progress on education, hwb, hunger and the environment - Progress in all areas was uneven across regions and countries, leaving millions of people behind, especially the poorest and those disadvantaged due to sex, age, disability, ethnicity or geographical location
- new global challenges had emerged that needed to be considered
- include the impact of increasing conflict and extremism widespread migration, economic and financial instability, and large scale environmental changes
objectives UN SDGS
- End extreme poverty
- Fight inequality and injustice
- Address climate change
Targets of SDG 3 - Good Health and Wellbeing
3.1 Reduce Maternal Mortality
3.2 End all preventable deaths under 5 years of age
3.3 Fight communicable diseases
3.4 Reduce mortality from non-communicable diseases and promote mental health
3.5 Prevent and treat substance abuse
3.6 Reduce road injuries and deaths
3.7 Universal access to sexual and reproductive care, family planning and education
3.8 Achieve universal health coverage
3.9 Reduce illnesses and death from hazardous chemicals and pollution
3A Implement the WHO framework on tobacco control
3B Support research, development and universal access to affordable vaccines and medicines
3C Increase health financing and support health workforce in developing countries
3D Improve early warning systems for global health risks
SDG 1 - No poverty
1.1 Eradicate extreme poverty
1.2 reduce poverty by at least 50%
1.3 implement social protection systems
1.4 equal rights to ownership, basic services, technology and economic resources
1.5 build resilience to environmental, economic and social disasters
1A Mobilize resources to implement policies to end poverty
1B Create pro-poor and gender-sensitive policy frameworks
SDG 2 - Zero hunger
2.1 Universal access to safe and nutritious food
2.2 End all forms of malnutrition
2.3 Double the productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers
2.4 sustainable food production and resilient agricultural practices
2.5 maintain the genetic diversity in food production
2A invest in rural infrastructure agricultural research, technology and gene banks
2B prevent agricultural trade restrictions, market distortions and export subsidies
2C ensure stable food commodity markets and timely access to information
SDG 4 - quality education
4.1 free primary and secondary education
4.2 equal access to quality pre-primary education
4.3 equal access to affordable technical, vocational and higher education
4.4 increase the number of people with relevant skills for financial success
4.5 eliminate all discrimination in education
4.6 universal literacy and numeracy
4.7 education for sustainable development and global citizenship
4A build and upgrade inclusive and safe schools
4B expand higher education scholarships for developing countries
4C increase the supply of qualified teachers in developing countries
SDG 5 - gender equality
5.1 end discrimination against women and girls
5.2 end all violence against and exploitation of women and girls
5.3 eliminate forced marriages and genital mutilation
5.4 value unpaid care and promote shared domestic responsibilities
5.5 ensure full participation in leadership and decision making
5.6 universal access to reproductive health and rights
5A equal rights to economic resources, property ownership and financial services
5B promote empowerment of women through technology
5C adopt and strengthen policies and enforceable legislation for gender equality
SDG 6 - clean water and sanitation
6.1 safe and affordable drinking water
6.2 end open defecation and provide access to sanitation and hygiene
6.3 improve water quality, wastewater treatment and safe reuse
6.4 increase water-use efficiency and ensure freshwater supplies
6.5 implement integrated water resources management
6.6 protect and restore water-related ecosystems
6A expand water and sanitation support to developing countries
6B support local engagement in water and sanitation management
SDG 13 - climate action
13.1 strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters
13.2 integrate climate change measures into policies and planning
13.3 build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change
13A implement the UN framework convention on climate change
3B promote mechanisms to raise capacity for climate planning and management
priorities of WHO
- Achieving universal health coverage - 1 billion more people benefitting from universal health coverage
- Addressing health emergencies - 1 billion more people better protected from health emergencies
- Promoting healthier populations - 1 billion more people enjoying better hwb.
Achieving universal health coverage
- Governance and finance
- Country support
- Advocacy
- Service access and quality
- Health workforce
- Health information systems
- Access to medicines, vaccines and health products
Addressing health emergencies
- Ensuring all people affected by health emergencies have quick access to essential life saving health services including health promotion and disease prevention
- Building and sustaining resilient national, regional and global capacities necessary to keep the world safe from epidemic and other health emergencies
Promoting healthier populations
- Preventing non-communicable diseases and promoting mental health
- Improving human capital
- Addressing health effects of climate change in small developing states
- Eradicating high-impact communicable diseases
- Tackling antimicrobial resistance
Work of WHO
DCMPPS
1. Develop policies to assist countries to take action promoting hwb
2. Conduct research and provide hwb info
3. Monitor hwb and assess hwb trends
4. Provide leadership and creat partnerships to promote hwb
5. Provide technical support and help build sustainable health systems
6. Set norms and standards ad promote and monitor their implementations
Aid
Assistance given to countries or communities in the event of a crisis or for the development of long term sustainable improvements
Australian aid priorities
- Civil society engagement
- Climate change
- COVID 19 recovery
- Gender equality and disability inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Pacific
- South East Asia
Civil society engagement
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- response to women, peace and security agenda (WPS)
- ensures that civil society is meaningfully engaged with the Government in Australia’s efforts to advance the WPS agenda at national, regional and global levels, bringing its wide-ranging skills and expertise on relevant issues and contexts to establish mutually agreed goals
PRINCIPLES: - promotion of civil society’s voice
- mutual reporting for results
- transparent communication and consultation
- appreciation of diversity
- shared learning
- promotion of genuine dialogue between government and civil societies
Climate change
https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/themes/climate-change
- Australia recognises the urgency and far-reaching implications of the climate crisis and is committed to accelerating the transition towards net-zero emissions
- focused on developing practical, scalable solutions that will enable Australia to reach net zero, while partnering with other countries to decarbonise and grow our economies
- DFAT leads Australia’s international response to climate change through multilateral negotiations, our foreign policy and trade and climate-related support through our development assistance program
- International cooperation on climate change
- strengthening trade and investments
- supporting our region
COVID 19 recovery
- recovery focuses on people in vulnerable situations including women and girls
- people with disabiltiies may be at an increased risk of contracting COVID 10 and more likely to do be disproportionately affected by its health, economic and social impacts
Gender equality and disability inclusion
https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/themes/gender-equality/Australias-international-support-for-gender-equality
https://www.dfat.gov.au/development/topics/development-issues/disability-inclusive-development
GENDER EQUALITY
- ending sexual and gender based violence
- advancing women’s economic empowerement
- enhancing women’s leadership
- strengthening women’s and girls’ access to and influence on essential services, including in health and education
- implementing the women, peace and security agenda
DISABILITY INCLUSION
- priority for international engagement in development, humanitarian action, human rights and COVID 19 response and recovery efforts
- globally, people with disabilities and thier families are disproportionately affected by poverty
Humanitarian
https://www.dfat.gov.au/development/topics/development-issues/building-resilience/australias-humanitarian-assistance
- gap between acute need and global response capacity is widening
- focussing on root causes to build durable solutions, ensuring Australia has an adaptable, responsive and effective framework for delivering results to affected populations
- Australia supports partner governments and communities to lead their own national adaptation and disaster risk reduction efforts
- effective preparedness and response, together with disaster risk reduction, build community and government resilience to crises
- deployed personell and relief supplies and logistics
Pacific
https://www.dfat.gov.au/development/australias-development-program
- blue pacific remains peaceful, prosperous and equipped to respond to challenges
- invest in pacific partner country needs and prioirties across climate, health, water, sanitation, hygiene, education and social protection systems
South East Asia
- economies and communties are deeply interwoven and we want an inclusive region, based on agreed rules that support prosperity, peace and stability
- climate change, clean energy transition, gender equality, health, rapid digitalisation, knowedge and skills development and infrastructure
types of partnerships
- other government departments
- private sector partnerships
- non-government organisations
- multilateral organisations
- bilateral partnerships
role of NGOS
- no government involvement, many rely on government funding
- funded by public donations
- smaller projects that are often targeted and involved in the community
- work in collaborations
TYPES OF AID - funding for programs such as mobile health clinics and immunisation
- trained personnel to coordinate and implement and deliver programs
- education and training
- resources such as building materials and information technology hardware
World Vision Water & Sanitation
- equitable access to necessary hardware including wells, boreholes, water tanks, toilets, taps and sewage infrastructure
- software - promoting better hygiene and empowering communities with knowledge and motivation to advocate for, build and maintain facilities and infrastructure.
World Vision hwb
- Timely access to clean water reduces risk of contracting infectious waterborne disease - ensuring individuals live free from illness, disease and injury (physical hwb)
- Timely access to clean water ensures individuals do not have to walk far distances to collect water, meaning they can attend school and develop positive thought patterns (mental hwb) and develop a supportive network of friends and family (social hwb)
effective aid programs
ownership, transparency and accountability, partnerships, results-focused
ownership
- meets the needs of the local community
- considers relevant sociocultural and political factors in the planning process
- implemented in a sociocultural sensitive way
transparency and accountability
- information is published and openly available
- funding is used for its intended purpose
- regular monitoring of progress against program aims
partnerships
- Develops knowledge and skills of local communities
- ensures community involvement and ownership
- combines different strengths and expertise
- resources are used effectively
AID PARTNERSHIPS: - government of donor country
- government of recipient country
- multilateral agency
- ngos
- local community
results-focused
- addresses patterns of disease and illness
- seeks to reduce poverty and inequality
- aid reaches those who need it
- focuses on women
Water for communities in Ghana - SDG 6
WHY:
- only 38.3% of the population in Zabzugu Ghana has access to drinking water and suitable latrines
- Required 20 litres per person required for drinking and cooking food every day
PURPOSE:
- provide sustainable access to 20litres of clean drinking water per person per day to 10 communities in Zabzugu to reduce the prevalence of diseases in the community caused by drinking unsafe water
IMPLEMENTATION:
- wells were placed in areas of greatest need - community participation
- mapping + research techniques to locate best water sources
- installing hand pumps + protection for wells to avoid contamination
- water committee within each community who were trained and provided with the tools necessary for maintenance and upkeep
PARTNERSHIPS:
- funded by We Are Water Foundation
- supported by World Vision
OUTCOMES:
1. 3000 people benefited from access to clean water
2. access to clean drinking water provided to a further 3300 people in another 9 communities
social action promoting hwb
- volunteer
- start a social enterprise activity
- organise a boycott
- lobby governments
- purchase products that promote social change
- develop awareness campaigns
- sign petitions
- conduct fundraising events
- donate money to NGOs
Mission of WHO
- Promote health
- Keep the world safe
- Serve the vulnerable
official development assistance (ODA)
financial assistance provided by donor government agencies to low and middle income countries or to multilateral aid agencies
Emergency/humanitarian aid
immediate assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering during and after emergencies such as conflict or natural disasters
PURPOSES:
- meet immediate need
- save lives, reduce suffering
- reduce further impacts by meeting the needs of those affected
CHARACTERISTICS:
- rapid assistance
- provision of basic supplies
- short term provision
Bilateral aid
aid provided by the government of one country to the government of another country
PURPOSES:
- meet the needs of the country and its people
- build relationships between countries (political or strategical reasons)
- promotes hwb, sustainable economic growth and prosperity
CHARACTERISTICS:
- long term assistance
- focused on development
- provision of essential infrastructure
- focus on education
- building civil society, providing governance and support
Multilateral aid
aid provided through an international organisation such as World Bank, UN or WHo that combine donations from many countries and use the funds to support countries in need
PURPOSES:
- large scale programs focused on global hwb and sustainable development
- can reach and impact the lives of many people
- provided to those most in need
CHARACTERISTICS:
- provided by international organisations
- funded by donations from a number of countries
- medical programs such as large scale vaccination to reduce the BOD
- provision of food where most needed by WFP to prevent malnutrition
Kiribati Adaptation program - water, water everywhere - SDG 13
WHY:
- Kiribati is located in the Central Pacific Ocean
- Most islands less than 2km wide, 1.8m above sea level
- entire population and most infrastructure located on coast = damage and coastal erosion from high tides, storm surges and strong winds
PURPOSE:
- Ensuring that the subsistence based islands can use uncontaminated ground water from wells for their cooking, drinking and farming needs
- ensuring that the country can better prepare and withstand climate related impacts in the future
IMPLEMENTATION:
1. supporting education programs to raise awareness of impacts of climate change + incorporating climate change into government policies
2. mangrove planting and construction of seawalls to address coastal erosion
3. developing rainwater collection systems
PARTNERSHIPS:
- supported through Australian, Japanese and Kirbati governments
- global Environmental Facility
- World Bank Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery
OUTCOMES:
- will benefit more than 100 000 people living in Kiribati
- adapting to effects of climate change can improve water resources and better protect the coast against storm waves and flooding
DFAT developmental sectors
- Agriculture, trade and other production sectors
- economic infrastructure and services
- education
- governance
- health
- humanitarian
- multisector and general support
World Vision hd
- illness and time spent collecting water also reduces school attendance so access to water ensures access to knowledge, health and a decet standard of living
- also allows people to participate in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives
- enhancing capabilities and expanding choices
