U3 AOS 2 Definitions

Question 1

Infectious disease

Answer 1

diseases caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi that can be spread directly or indirectly from one person to another

Question 2

venereal disease

Answer 2

disease contracted by sexual intercourse with a person already infected with an STI

Question 3

parasitic disease

Answer 3

occur when parasites enter the body through contaminated food or water or from contact with others with parasites on skin and hair

Question 4

lifestyle diseases

Answer 4

occurs due to the daily habits of people in relation to diet, occupation, exercise, etc

Question 5

public health

Answer 5

the ways in which governments monitor, regulate, promote health status and prevent disease

Question 6

old public health

Answer 6

government focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of diseases such as providing safe water, sanitation, sewage disposal, improved nutrition, improved housing and better work conditions

Question 7

biomedical model

Answer 7

It is a medical model focusing on the physical and biological aspects of disease and illness, practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease

Question 8

new public health

Answer 8

an approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that considers the way s in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health

Question 9

social model of health

Answer 9

an approach that focuses on and directs effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individual and population groups

Question 10

health promotion

Answer 10

enabling people to take control over and improve their health

Question 11

advocate

Answer 11

actions designed to gain support from governments and societies that are necessary to improve hwb for everyone

Question 12

enable

Answer 12

ensuring equal opportunities and resources are available toa ll people to provide them with the knowledge and skills required to take over and improve their health

Question 13

mediate

Answer 13

working iwth and resolving conflict between different societal groups that have different priorities to improve health outcomes

Question 14

build healthy public policy

Answer 14

relates to the decisions made by the government and organisations regarding laws and policies that affect health and wellbeing. It helps make the healthier choice the easier choice

Question 15

Create supportive environments

Answer 15

developing physical and social environments to support health and protect against physical hazards or psychologically damaging practices

Question 16

strengthen community action

Answer 16

building links between individuals and the community, with communities working together to achieve a common goal, promoting health and wellbeing

Question 17

Develop personal skills

Answer 17

developing knowledge and skill through education allowing people to make informed choices about their own health, impacting health

Question 18

Reorient health services

Answer 18

changing the health system so that it promotes health and wellbeing rather than being focused on diagnosis and treatment. A preventative approach

Question 19

Medicare

Answer 19

Australia’s federal government-funded universal health insurance scheme that enables access to select health services at a subsidised rate to all Australian Citizens and permanent residents

Question 20

Schedule fee

Answer 20

the amount that Medicare contributes towards specific consultations and treatments

Question 21

patient co-payment

Answer 21

the out-of-pocket payment made by the consumer for health products or services in addition to the amount paid by the government through medicare

Question 22

bulkbilling

Answer 22

a practiitioner charges only the schedule fee

Question 23

Medicare benefits schedule

Answer 23

a document that lists the range of services covered and the schedule fee that Medicare will contribute

Question 24

inhospital expenses Medicare

Answer 24

• public patient + public hospital = accomodation, treatmnet bu doctors + specialisits is 100% covered
• private patient + private or public hospital = medicare covers 75% SF for treatment by doctors + specialists but not contribution to accomodation, theatre fees or medication

Question 25

Medicare safety net

Answer 25

provides extra financial assistance for those that incur significant out of pocket costs past a specific threshold per calendar year for Medicare Services

Question 26

Medicare levy

Answer 26

2% taxable income of Australian taxpayers is charged to fund Medicare

Question 27

Medicare levy surcharge

Answer 27

high income earners who do not have private health insurance are income tested and charged an extra 1-1.5% tax ontop of the Medicare Levy

Question 28

PBS

Answer 28

federal government scheme that subsidises the cost of select essential medicines into a general rate and a concessional rate to enable access to medication, regardless of individuals ability to pay.

Question 29

PBS safety net

Answer 29

individuals and families who reach a certain threshold of payments of medications per calendar year are able to purchase PBS listed medications at the concessional co-payment rate. Those who already pay at the concessional rate do not have to pay for PBS listed medications

Question 30

National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)

Answer 30

national insurance scheme established in 2013 by the federal government that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities and their families for as long as they are under the age of 65

Question 31

private health insurance

Answer 31

optional health insurance where members pay a premium in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by Medicare

Question 32

Rebate PI incentive

Answer 32

policyholders receive 0-26% refund on their premiums based on income testing

Question 33

Lifetime health cover PI incentive

Answer 33

people who take up private health insurance before the age of 31 do not have to pay an extra 2% on premiums for every year they are over 30

Question 34

Medicare Levy surcharge PI incentive

Answer 34

high income earners who have private health insurance do not have to pay the medicare levy surcharge

Question 35

age based discount PI incentive

Answer 35

insurers have the option to discount premiums for people aged 18-29 up to 10% for hospital cover

Question 36

ADG 1

Answer 36

To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious foods and drinks to meet their energy needs

Question 37

ADG 2

Answer 37

Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from these five food groups every day:
1. Plenty of vegetables including different types, colours and legumes/beans
2. Fruit
3. Grain (cereal foods) - examples
4. Lean meats and poultry, fish,e ggs, tofu, nuts and seeds, legumes/beans
5. milk yoghurt, cheese and/or their alternatives
and drink plenty of water

Question 38

ADG 3

Answer 38

Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol

Question 39

ADG 4

Answer 39

Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding

Question 40

ADG 5

Answer 40

care for your food, prepare and store it safely

Question 41

Australian guide to healthy eating overall recommendation

Answer 41

Enjoy a variety of nutritious food everyday and drink plenty of water

Question 42

Work of Nutrition Australia

Answer 42

• Healthy eating pyramid
• National nutrition week
• Develop educational resources
• Nutrition seminars and workshops
• Webinars for health professionals
• Publication of recipes
• Healthy eating advisory service

Question 43

Healthy eating pyramid overall recommendation

Answer 43

enjoy a variety of food and be active every day

Question 44

Challenges in dietary change

Answer 44

• food security
• time constraints and convenience
• education, nutrition, knowledge and cooking skills
• Influence of family, culture, society and religion
• food marketing
• health and wellbeing factors
• personal preference
• attitudes and beliefs
• willpower

Question 45

Evaluating health promotion initiatives

Answer 45

• Actual improvements to health and wellbeing
• number of participants taking part in the initiative
• feedback provided by participants
• action areas of the Ottawa Charter that are evident
• Whether the initiative is culturally appropriate
• Whether the program has taken the specific needs of the target group into account
• Funding that has been provided to implement the initiative
• whether the program addresses a significant health issue for that population group

Question 46

Principles of the social model of health

Answer 46

Acts to enable access to healthcare
Empowers individuals and communities
Addresses the broader determinants of health
Involves intersectoral collaboration
Acts to reduce social inequities

Question 47

Effective Indigenous health initiatives

Answer 47

• actual improvements to hwb
• number of participants taking part in the initiative
• feedback provided by participants
• action areas of the ottawa charter that are evident
• whether the initiative is culturally appropriate
• whether the program has taken the specific needs of the target group into account
• funding that has been provided to implement the initiative
• whether the program addresses a significant health issue for indigenous Australians

Question 48

indigenous health initiatives - Feedin the Mob

Answer 48

• nutrition, physical activity and healthy lifestyle program
• City of Whittlesea, Victoria
• funded by the federal government and supported by Whittlesea Council through its Healthy Communities Initiative - commitment to funding = BUILD HEALTHY PUBLIC POLICY
• encourages community to be involved in activities such as the community garden that draw on local culture = STRENGTHENS COMMUNITY ACTION
• the initiative draws on local culture to make sure it is culturally appropriate and safe = CREATE SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS
• teaches the benefits of healthy eating and lifestyle targetted to teenagers, parents, carers, people with chronic illness + Elders.
• has community garden, cooking classes and information sharing about primary healthcare and the prevention of chronic disease
  = DEVELOP PERSONAL SKILLS