U3L3 Flashcards

1
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

occurs when a new species evolves from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic area.

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2
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Occurs when a population is geographically divided into two or more isolated groups, typically due to a physical barrier like a mountain, river, or an event that isolates part of the population - leads to separate species

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3
Q

Speciation

A

origin of new species, is at the focal
point of evolutionary theory

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4
Q

Microevolution

A

consists of changes in allele
frequency in a population over time

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5
Q

Macroevolution

A

refers to broad patterns of
evolutionary change above the species level

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6
Q

biological species concept

A

states a species is a group whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring
* They do not breed successfully with other populations
* Gene flow between populations holds a species together genetically

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7
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring

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8
Q

Hybrids

A

offspring of crosses between different species

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9
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

block fertilization from occurring by:
– Impeding different species from attempting to mate
– Preventing the successful completion of mating
– Hindering fertilization if mating is successful

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10
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A

prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult:
– Reduced hybrid viability
– Reduced hybrid fertility
– Hybrid breakdown

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11
Q

Limitations of the Biological Species
Concept

A

cannot be applied to fossils or
asexual organisms (including all prokaryotes). The biological species concept emphasizes absence of gene
flow but gene flow can occur between distinct species (grolar bear)

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12
Q

morphological species concept

A

defines a species by structural features
– It applies to sexual and asexual species but relies on subjective criteria

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13
Q

Ecological species concept

A

views a species in terms of its ecological niche (role and position of an organism within its environment)
– It applies to sexual and asexual species and emphasizes the role of disruptive selection

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14
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

defines a species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree
– It applies to sexual and asexual species, but it can be difficult to determine the degree of difference required for separate species

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15
Q

Speciation can occur in two ways

A

Allopatric speciation
Sympatric speciation

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16
Q

Regions with more geographical barriers have less or more species than regions with fewer geographical behaviors?

A

more

17
Q

Sympatric speciation can occur if gene flow is reduced by factors including:

A

Polyploidy
Sexual selection
Habitat differentiation

18
Q

Polyploidy

A

The presence of extra chromosome sets due to accidents during cell division

19
Q

autopolyploid

A

an individual with more than two chromosome sets, derived from a single species

20
Q

allopolyploid

A

a species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species

21
Q

A 4n (68 chromosomes) plant is crossed with a 2n plant (34
chromosomes). What would be the chromosome number in
the resultant offspring?

A

68/2 = 34 - undergoes meiosis
34/2 = 17 - undergoes meiosis
34+17 = 51

22
Q

Sexual selection can drive

A

sympatric speciation

23
Q

In allopatric speciation, geographic isolation restricts

A

gene flow between populations

24
Q

Sympatric speciation can result from

A

polyploidy, natural selection, or
sexual selection

25
Q

hybrid zone

A

region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids. Hybrids result from mating between species with incomplete reproductive barriers

26
Q

Hybrids often have….. compared to parent species

A

reduced fitness

27
Q

Reinforcement: Strengthening
Reproductive Barriers

A

When hybrids are less fit than parent species. Reinforcement of reproductive barriers may occur through strong selection for prezygotic barriers
* Over time, the rate of hybridization decreases
* Where reinforcement occurs, reproductive barriers should be stronger for sympatric than allopatric species

28
Q

Fusion: Weakening Reproductive
Barriers

A

hybrids are as fit as parents, there can be substantial gene flow between species
* If gene flow is great enough, the parent species can fuse into
a single species

29
Q

Stability: Continued Formation of
Hybrid Individuals

A

Extensive gene flow from outside hybrid zone can overwhelm selection for increased reproductive isolation
inside hybrid zone

30
Q

Hybrid zones can lead to

A
  1. Reinforcement
  2. Fusion
  3. Stability
31
Q

punctuated equilibria

A

periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change

32
Q

2 models of speciation

A

Punctual model: Rapid evolution leading to final result
Gradual model: Evolution through small steps

33
Q

Types of prezygotic barriers

A

Habitat isolation: 2 species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter each other rarely
Temporal isolation: Species that breed during different times, seasons or years
Behavioural isolation: Courtship rituals that attract mates - mate recognition (ex: blue footed bird has a specific script to follow)
Mechanical isolation: Mating is attempted but morphological differences prevent its successful completion - biological differences that does not complete mating

34
Q

Types of post zygotic barriers

A

Gametic isolation: Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species
Reduced hybrid viability: Genes of different parent species may interact in ways that impair the hybrid’s development or survival
Reduced Hybrid fertility: If the chromosomes of two parent species differ in number or structure, hybrids may fail to produce normal gametes leading to infertile offsprings
Hybrid break down: Some first generations hybrids are viable and fertile but when they mate with another or a parent species, offsprings tend to be sterile.

35
Q

Possible outcomes for a hybrid zone

A

Reinforcement, fusion, stability