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Bio152 > Chapter 12: Textbook > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

Genome

A

Genetic information of the cell

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2
Q

What do chromosomes consist of?

A

One very long linear DNA molecule associated with many proteins

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3
Q

Building material of chromosomes

A

Chromatin

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4
Q

In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, most cell division involves the distribution of

A

Identical genetic material to 2 daughter cells

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5
Q

What is meiosis

A

Special type of eukaryotic cell division that can produce sperm and eggs

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6
Q

What are gametes

A

Reproductive cells

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7
Q

What does each duplicated chromosome consist of?

A

2 sister chromatids

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8
Q

What are sister chromatids

A

Joined copies of the original chromosome

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9
Q

Define cohesion

A

When sister chromatids containing identical DNA molecule are attached all along their lengths by protein complexes which is known as sister chromatid cohesion

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10
Q

Centromere

A

Region of repetitive sequences in the chromosomal DNA where the chromatid is attached most closely

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11
Q

What do molecular and mechanical processes do to sister chromatids

A

Separate them into 2 chromosomes and distribute them to 2 daughter cells

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12
Q

Define mitotic spindle

A

Fibres made of microtubules which begin to form during prophase - mitosis depends on this process

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13
Q

What happens in the G2 phase of interphase

A

A nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus
Chromosomes are not yet condensed
2 centrosomes have formed

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14
Q

Cytokinesis in animal vs plant

A

Animal: cleavage furrow
Plant: cell plate

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15
Q

Define centrosome

A

Sub cellular region containing material that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell’s microtubules

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16
Q

Define kinetochore

A

A structure made up of proteins that have assembled on specific sections of DNA at the centromere

17
Q

Metaphase plate

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator which is called the metaphase plate

18
Q

Enzyme that cleaves the cohesions holding chromatids together

A

Separase

19
Q

What is on the cytoplasmic side of the furrows in animal cells

A

Contractile ring of actin and micro filaments

20
Q

Define binary fission

A

Meaning “division in half” - cells grow to roughly double its size and then divides to form 2 cells in bacteria

21
Q

Define cell division in bacteria

A

Origin of replications move rapidly towards the opposite ends of the cell allowing the bacteria to reach twice its size and then the plasma membrane pinches inward to divide the parent into 2 daughter cells

22
Q

Explain cell division in dinoflagellates

A

Chromosomes attach to the nuclear envelope and microtubules pass through the nucleus inside cytoplasmic tunnels

23
Q

Explain cell division in diatoms and some yeast

A

Microtubules form a spindle within the nucleus and separate the chromosomes and the nucleus splits into two daughter nuclei

24
Q

In most eukaryotes where does the spindle form

A

Outside the nucleus and the envelope breaks down during mitosis allowing microtubules to separate the chromosomes and 2 nuclear envelopes are then formed

25
Q

Define the cell cycle control system

A

A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

26
Q

Define cyclin

A

A protein that gets its name from its cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell

27
Q

Kinase must be attached to a

A

Cyclin since they’re called cyclin dependent kinases

28
Q

When is the synthesis of cyclin

A

In the late S phase and continues through G2 since it’s protected from degradation

29
Q

How does MPF promote mitosis

A

By phosphorylating various proteins

30
Q

Why are checkpoints important?

A

Dubbed the restriction point since they check and report whether all the cellular processes were done right and whether or not the cell cycle should proceed

31
Q

Define growth factor

A

Protein released by certain cells to stimulate other cells to divide

32
Q

What is density dependent inhibition

A

A phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing

33
Q

Cells that acquire the ability to divide indefinitely are called

A

Transformation

34
Q

Tumor cells can

A

Separate from the original tumour, enter blood vessels and travel to other parts of the body to create a new Tumor

35
Q

Metastasis

A

Spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site

Bio152 (19 decks)

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