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higher human bio unit 2 > U2KA3 > Flashcards

U2KA3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are treatments and contraception based on?

A

biology of fertility

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2
Q

How does knowing how humans conceive and reproduce help with infertility treatments and contraception?

A

because it helps doctors and people target fertile times and boost chances of sparm and ova fusing, or helps people prevent pregnancy

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3
Q

Women’s fertility is ______.

A

cyclical

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4
Q

Women are only fertile for ______ during each menstrual cycle.

A

a few days

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5
Q

What happens to the woman’s body after ovulation?

A

temperature rises by around 0.5C and her cervical mucus becomes thin and watery

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6
Q

Men _______ produce sperm, therefore show _______ fertility

A

continually, continuous

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7
Q

What are the different types of treatments for infertility?

A

Stimulating ovulation. artificial insemination, IVF, ICSI or genetic testing of embryos

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8
Q

What does stimulating ovulation do as treatment for infertility?

A

ovulation is stimulated by drugs that prevent the negative feedback effect of oestrogen on FSH secretion.

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9
Q

How do other ovulatory drugs work?

A

they work by mimicing the action of FSH and LH

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10
Q

What is a possible cause of ovulatory drugs?

A

super ovulation that can result in multiple births, or be used to collect ova for IVF programmes.

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11
Q

How does artificial insemination work?

A

samples of semen collected and injected (?) into the uterus

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12
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

in vitro fertilisation

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13
Q

How does IVF work?

A

the female receives hormone treatment to produce many mature follicles, then extracted during surgery. Sperm and ova are combined in a petri dish to achieve fertilisation, then transferred back to the uterus

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14
Q

What does ICSI stand for?

A

intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection

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15
Q

How does ICSI work?

A

its used w IVF, the head of the sperm is drawn into a needle and injected directly into the egg, the zygote then divides into 8 cells then implanted into the uterus

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16
Q

What is genetic testing of embryos for?

A

the zygote produced during IVF may have a cell extracted to test for genetic abnormalities

17
Q

What does PGD stand for in genetic testing of embryos?

A

pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

18
Q

What is PGD used for?

A

used to test the zygote cell for single gene disorders and chromosome abnormalities

19
Q

What are the 2 types of contraception?

A

physical and chemical

20
Q

what are the types of physical contraceptions?

A

barrier methods, intra-uterine devices (IUD’s), and sterilisation

21
Q

what are the type of chemical contraceptions?

A

the contraceptive pill, the progesterone only pill and the morning-after pill

22
Q

what does physical method of contraceptions prevent?

A

preventing sperm and ova from meeting, preventing fertilisation

23
Q

what does chemical methods of contraception involve?

A

prevention of the production of sperm or ova, destruction of the sparm or preventing implantation of a zygote in the endometrium.

24
Q

How do barrier methods of contraception work?

A

by preventing sperm and ova from meeting

25
Q

examples of barrier methods?

A

condoms and the cervical cap

26
Q

how do intra-uterine devices (IUD’s) work?

A

they are implanted into the uterus, they release a copper which thickens the cervical mucus and prevents implantation of a zygote.

27
Q

How does sterilisation work?

A

they prevent ova or sperm being released using surgery, it is permanent.

28
Q

How does sterilisation in females work?

A

they cut or tie the oviducts

29
Q

How does sterilisation in males work?

A

they cut or tie the sperm ducts.

30
Q

How does the contraceptive pill work?

A

it contains a combination of synthetic oestrogen and progesteron that mimics negative feedback preventing the release of FSH and Lh from the pituitary which prevents mature ova being produced, preventing pregnancy.

31
Q

How does progesterone-only pill work?

A

they thicken the cervical mucus

higher human bio unit 2 (8 decks)

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