U2 T9

Question 1

Name 4 factors that cause the demand for water to change

Answer 1

1. Change in population size
2. Change in living standards
3. Industrialisation
4. Changes in attitude to water use

Question 2

Explain 2 way ps of how population size may change

Answer 2

The population may grow because

1. the birth rate is higher than the death rate
2. Because of immigration (migrants ma move from other countries or within a country)

Question 3

Explain how change in living standards may affect the demand for water

Answer 3

In the poorest communities where there is no piped supply, domestic water use may be limited to the amount that can be carried from the source ( which may be the nearest river). As piped water becomes available and people become increasingly affluent, they buy more appliances that use water ( wash machines and dishwashers or luxury recreational items–> swimming pools and spa baths)

Question 4

What is the use that use more water than all other human uses combined?

Answer 4

Irrigation

Question 5

Explain on what usually relies subsistence agriculture

Answer 5

Subsistence agriculture usually relies on the water that is naturally available, adapting the type of farming if water problem, for nomadic herding rather than arable farming.

Question 6

Name the industries that use lots of water, little water and none(or only domestic use of employees)

Answer 6

Heavy industries such as the chemical and steel industries or paper making use much more water than lighter manufacturing industries .
Services industries such as finance, insurance and education use very little water appart from the water used by the workers for domestic needs

Question 7

Is there an increase or decrease in the demand of water for industries and why

Answer 7

• decrease

- reduction in heavy industries

Question 8

Is there an increase or decrease in the demand of water for agriculture and why

Answer 8

More irrigation needed due to reduced soil organic matter and drying caused by temperature rise

Question 9

Is there an increase or decrease in the demand of water for domestic use (generally) and why

Answer 9

• general increase

- increase in population, increase affluence and use of water-using appliances

Question 10

Is there an increase or decrease in the demand of water for domestic use (SE England) and why

Answer 10

Population migration to an area of higher employment and prosperity

Question 11

Is there an increase or decrease in the demand of water for domestic use (in S and SW England ) and why

Answer 11

• Increase

- population migration for retirement

Question 12

What may happen if the water resources are over exploited by propsperous industries?

Answer 12

Overexploitation of water resources by prosperous industries may reduce the amount of water left for poorer sections of society, perhaps by reducing river flow or by lowering the water table so wells dry up

Question 13

Better use of water resources can be achieved in several ways, name 3 of them

Answer 13

1. Increase the total amount of water available for use
2. Distribute water more effectively
3. Use water more efficiently

Question 14

Name 2 main ways of increasing the availability of water

Answer 14

1. Increase abstraction, including increasing collection and storage capacity, (aquifer recharge)
2. Reduce pollution of potential sources by carefully managing catchment areas

Question 15

1. Explain how an increased in abstraction can increase the availability of water
2. Explain what may reduce demand for water supplies (at small scale)

Answer 15

1. Availability of water can be increased by abstracting more river water, groundwater or seawater and by building storage reservoirs.
2. Small scale collection of water may reduce demand for public supplies, for example collecting rainwater for garden use or low quality uses such as flushing toilets

Question 16

Is abstraction limited or illimited? Why?

Answer 16

Increased abstraction is limited by the amount that is available or by the energy and financial costs of purification

Question 17

Explain how catchment areas may help to increase the availability of water

Answer 17

Catchment management can make the available water supplies more usable.

• reservoirs can be used to maintain river water levels in times of low natural flow and to store water during periods of flood risk
• the prevention of pollution upstream of water abstraction points reduces the amount of water that is too polluted to use and makes purification easier

Question 18

Name an example of aquifer recharge

Answer 18

Water from the River Thames is pumped underground into the chalk aquifers during wintertime when there is lots of rain and the river level is high

Question 19

When can partially depleted aquifers be recharged?

Answer 19

During periods of surplus surface water

Question 20

A better distribution of water can be done in 2 main ways, which ones?

Answer 20

Reducing distribution losses

Doing inter- basin transfer

Question 21

Explain how can we reduce distribution losses for a better distribution of water

Answer 21

In countries with water distribution networks that have been established for a long time, there may be pipes that have cracked and leak. In the U.K. 10% of the water that has been purified for public supply is lost in leaks before it reaches the consumers, most of this wastage is lost from the distribution network, but over one quarter is lost from consumers’pipes and appliances

Question 22

Explain how inter- basin transfer can help for a better distribution of water

Answer 22

Communities usually develop where sufficient water is available but it may expand and develop until the local supplies are inadequate. Water may be transferred from other catchment catchment areas via canals, rivers and pipes

Question 23

Reservoirs can be used to regulate river flow. How can this help improve water availability?

Answer 23

When river flow is greatest (e.g. During times of heavy rainfall) reservoirs can be used to store water for times when flow is less. In effect, reservoirs hold back the water from simply flowing out the sea and being lost as a freshwater resource.

Question 24

Aquifers are naturally refilled by rainfall onto exposed areas of the aquifer rock. In none (or little) of the aquifer is exposed in this way, how can we ensure that an aquifer remains a renewable water resource?

Answer 24

Water can be pumped from local rivers directly into an aquifer during times of good river flow. It can also be brought from other areas to be pumped in.

Question 25

Name a few ways in which inter- basin transfer can be carried out

Answer 25

Water may be transferred from other catchment areas via canals, rivers and pipes. Some countries also have water shipped to them from other coastal countries. In the U.K., road tank may be used to bring water from areas with surplus to areas that are experiencing severe drought.

Question 26

Make a list of the ways in which you could save water at home, or use your water resources more efficiently.

Answer 26

1. Put a brick or a hippo bag in the toilets or having a low flush toilet
2. Regulars checking taps and piped for leaks, both within and outside the home (repairing dripping taps)
3. Choosing water- efficient appliances such as washing machines and dishwashers, and using the half- load facility if you are using the machines for a few items (have a toilet with a dual flush signal)
4. Turning taps sooner:
   - showering instead of having a bath
   - not leaving the tap running when cleaning teeth
   - if you like to drink cold water, keeping a bottle of water in the fridge instead of running the taps until the water is cold enough
5. Fitting a water butt to collect rainwater from your roof gutters
6. Recycle “grey water”, reusing bath, washing up water, etc. For tasks such as washing the car or wanting the garden