U2 - T3

Question 1

Carbon dioxide - 5 methods of reducing its level

Answer 1

1. Energy conservation to reduce use of fossil fuels
2. Use of alternative energy resources
3. Kyoto Protocol emission reduction
4. Carbon sequestration by planting more trees
5. Carbon sequestration by the storage of carbon dioxide from power stations underground

Question 2

Carbon dioxide - 3 methods of prevent it

Answer 2

1. Energy conservation to reduce use of fossil fuels
2. Use of alternative energy resources
3. Kyoto Protocol emission reduction

Question 3

Carbon dioxide - 2 method for sequestration

Answer 3

1. Planting more trees

2. Artificially condense the gas under pressure and put it deep under ocean or underground

Question 4

Methane - 3 ways of reducing its level

Answer 4

1. Reduced dumping of waste in landfill sites
2. Reduced livestock production
3. Better collection of gas from coal mines and gas oil facilities

Question 5

Oxides of nitrogen - 3 ways of reducing its level

Answer 5

1. Reduced use of international combustion, such as more public transport
2. Catalytic converters in vehicle exhausts
3. Addition of urea to power station effluents or Diesel engine exhaust

Question 6

Chlorofluorocarbons - 2 ways of reducing its level

Answer 6

1. Use of alternative materials

2. Use of alternative processes

Question 7

Chlorofluorocarbons - 3 use of alternative materials

Answer 7

1. Butane or propane in aerosol cans
2. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochloroflurorocarbons (HCFCs) in refrigerators
3. Alcohols as solvents for cleaning electronic equipment

Question 8

Chlorofluorocarbons - 2 use of alternative processes

Answer 8

1. Trigger and pump action spray cleaners instead of aerosol cans
2. Stick deodorant instead of aerosol cans

Question 9

Tropospheric ozone - 3 ways of reducing its level

Answer 9

1. Using catalytic converters
2. Reducing car use so reducing fossil fuel combustion,
3. Adding urea to exhaust gases
   - -> all of these remove nitrogène oxides, which are converted to ozone by photochemical reactions

Question 10

Why Kyoto protocol not set emission limits for LEDCs?

Answer 10

LEDCs are trying to improve the standard form of living for their populations, so no limits were set so as not to inhibit development.

Question 11

Countries can sell or buy “carbon credits” what does it means?

Answer 11

Countries that exceed their quota of CO2 emissions must buy “carbon credits” from a country that has not used up its quota and is able to sell its unused portion of the quota.

Question 12

Why is it better in areas that are suffering from increased warming to make buildings of paler material?

Answer 12

Paler materials reflect more heat, whereas darker materials absorb more. By using paler materials in hot areas, the interior of the buildings stays cooler with less need for fossil fuel powered air conditioning

Question 13

What types of genetic modification of crops might help in areas that become susceptible to drought?

Answer 13

Crops could be genetically modified to retain more water, or have longer roots to take up water more easily.

Question 14

Explain the Kyoto Protocol (1997)

Answer 14

MEDCs that signed up the treaty were legally bound to reduce their emissions of 6 green gases (collectively) by an average of 5.2 % below their 1990 levels by the period 2008-2012

Agreements like this do not reduce emissions themselves, but they encourage the use of methods that will.

Question 15

Why did the Kyoto Protocol no set emission limits for LEDCs?

Answer 15

They are trying to improve the standard form of living for their populations, so no limits were set, it would have unfairly hinder their development.

Question 16

Each country has develop its own methods to reduce its greenhouse effects encourage for example by the Kyoto Protocol. What did the EU?

Answer 16

The EU has identified 12’000 factories and power stations that have been given a carbon dioxide quota. If they exceed this they can purchase extra allowances or pay a financial penalty. If they fall below the amount they can sell the extra quota

Question 17

Strategies to cope with climate change can be divided in 3 main areas, which ones?

Answer 17

1. Change of lifestyle
2. Infrastructure
3. Land use

Question 18

Strategies to cope with climate change - Agriculture

Answer 18

1. Cultivate warmer climate crops - C
2. Cultivate drought- resistant crops - C
3. Abandon areas where irrigation is unsustainable - L + C
4. Increase soil organic matter to increase water retention - C
5. Water storage in times of water surplus for later irrigation use - I + C

Question 19

Strategies to cope with climate change - building design

Answer 19

1. Better ventilation and cooling systems to reduce the use of air conditioning
2. Paler materials to reduce heat absorption

Question 20

Strategies to cope with climate change - flooding

Answer 20

1. Riverbank defences
2. river barrages to protect against high tides
3. Less building on flood plains
4. Reduce runoff rates, for example, by reducing paved areas to increase infiltration
5. River regulation dams

Question 21

Strategies to cope with climate change - coastal erosion

Answer 21

1. Improved coastal defences

2. Managed retreat - abandon lower value areas that are difficult to defend

Question 22

Strategies to cope with climate change - storm damage

Answer 22

Design of stronger buildings