U2 - T3 Flashcards
Carbon dioxide - 5 methods of reducing its level
- Energy conservation to reduce use of fossil fuels
- Use of alternative energy resources
- Kyoto Protocol emission reduction
- Carbon sequestration by planting more trees
- Carbon sequestration by the storage of carbon dioxide from power stations underground
Carbon dioxide - 3 methods of prevent it
- Energy conservation to reduce use of fossil fuels
- Use of alternative energy resources
- Kyoto Protocol emission reduction
Carbon dioxide - 2 method for sequestration
- Planting more trees
2. Artificially condense the gas under pressure and put it deep under ocean or underground
Methane - 3 ways of reducing its level
- Reduced dumping of waste in landfill sites
- Reduced livestock production
- Better collection of gas from coal mines and gas oil facilities
Oxides of nitrogen - 3 ways of reducing its level
- Reduced use of international combustion, such as more public transport
- Catalytic converters in vehicle exhausts
- Addition of urea to power station effluents or Diesel engine exhaust
Chlorofluorocarbons - 2 ways of reducing its level
- Use of alternative materials
2. Use of alternative processes
Chlorofluorocarbons - 3 use of alternative materials
- Butane or propane in aerosol cans
- Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochloroflurorocarbons (HCFCs) in refrigerators
- Alcohols as solvents for cleaning electronic equipment
Chlorofluorocarbons - 2 use of alternative processes
- Trigger and pump action spray cleaners instead of aerosol cans
- Stick deodorant instead of aerosol cans
Tropospheric ozone - 3 ways of reducing its level
- Using catalytic converters
- Reducing car use so reducing fossil fuel combustion,
- Adding urea to exhaust gases
- -> all of these remove nitrogène oxides, which are converted to ozone by photochemical reactions
Why Kyoto protocol not set emission limits for LEDCs?
LEDCs are trying to improve the standard form of living for their populations, so no limits were set so as not to inhibit development.
Countries can sell or buy “carbon credits” what does it means?
Countries that exceed their quota of CO2 emissions must buy “carbon credits” from a country that has not used up its quota and is able to sell its unused portion of the quota.
Why is it better in areas that are suffering from increased warming to make buildings of paler material?
Paler materials reflect more heat, whereas darker materials absorb more. By using paler materials in hot areas, the interior of the buildings stays cooler with less need for fossil fuel powered air conditioning
What types of genetic modification of crops might help in areas that become susceptible to drought?
Crops could be genetically modified to retain more water, or have longer roots to take up water more easily.
Explain the Kyoto Protocol (1997)
MEDCs that signed up the treaty were legally bound to reduce their emissions of 6 green gases (collectively) by an average of 5.2 % below their 1990 levels by the period 2008-2012
Agreements like this do not reduce emissions themselves, but they encourage the use of methods that will.
Why did the Kyoto Protocol no set emission limits for LEDCs?
They are trying to improve the standard form of living for their populations, so no limits were set, it would have unfairly hinder their development.
Each country has develop its own methods to reduce its greenhouse effects encourage for example by the Kyoto Protocol. What did the EU?
The EU has identified 12’000 factories and power stations that have been given a carbon dioxide quota. If they exceed this they can purchase extra allowances or pay a financial penalty. If they fall below the amount they can sell the extra quota
Strategies to cope with climate change can be divided in 3 main areas, which ones?
- Change of lifestyle
- Infrastructure
- Land use
Strategies to cope with climate change - Agriculture
- Cultivate warmer climate crops - C
- Cultivate drought- resistant crops - C
- Abandon areas where irrigation is unsustainable - L + C
- Increase soil organic matter to increase water retention - C
- Water storage in times of water surplus for later irrigation use - I + C
Strategies to cope with climate change - building design
- Better ventilation and cooling systems to reduce the use of air conditioning
- Paler materials to reduce heat absorption
Strategies to cope with climate change - flooding
- Riverbank defences
- river barrages to protect against high tides
- Less building on flood plains
- Reduce runoff rates, for example, by reducing paved areas to increase infiltration
- River regulation dams
Strategies to cope with climate change - coastal erosion
- Improved coastal defences
2. Managed retreat - abandon lower value areas that are difficult to defend
Strategies to cope with climate change - storm damage
Design of stronger buildings
