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ap bio > U2 - Genetics > Flashcards

U2 - Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a nucleic acid

A

large biomolecules essential in all cells and viruses

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2
Q

purine

A

double carbon ring structure with adenine and guanine

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3
Q

pyrimidine

A

single carbon ring structure with thymine and cytosine and uracil (RNA)

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4
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

DNA
→ double stranded
→ deoxyribose as sugar base
→ stays in nucleus
→ inheritance of genetic material
→ thymine

RNA
→ single stranded
→ ribose as sugar base
→ can leave nucleus
→ protein synethsis
→ uracil

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5
Q

difference in hydrogen bonds holding the nucleic acids tgt

A

A has double hydrogen bonds to T
G has triple hydrogen bonds to C

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6
Q

what is nucleotide (monomer)

A

A molecule that is the basic building block of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA

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7
Q

what is phosphodiester bond

A

this bond links 5’ phosphate group of one nucleotide with the 3’ hydroxyl group of another nucleotide

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8
Q

what is glycosyl bond

A

bond between sugar and nitrogenous base in nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)

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9
Q

ATP process
ADP process

A

a-p-p-p (ATP) releases energy meaning it is CATABOLIC

app (ADP) puts in energy meaning it is ANABOLIC

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10
Q

distance between each nucleotide in DNA and distance between each full turn

A

between nucleotide: 0.34nm
1 complete turn: 3.4nm

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11
Q

erwin chargaff

A

→ 1950
→ Chargaff’s rule; discovered A pairs with T and G pairs with C

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12
Q

rosalind franklin

A

→ 1953
→ used x-ray difffraction to discover helical nature of DNA

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13
Q

watson and crick

A

→ 1953
→ made the model of DNA

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14
Q

histone

A

a pos. charged protein that DNA is bound to in a chromosome

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15
Q

nucleosome

A

a complex of 8 histones enveloped by DNA

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16
Q

telomere

A

a long sequence of repetitive, non-coding DNA found at end of chromosomes

17
Q

centromere

A

constricted region of chromosome that holds two replicated chromosome strands together

18
Q

AT and CG diference

A

AT is held by double bonds
CG is held by triple bonds

19
Q

components of DNA (draw)

A

chromosome, centromere, chromatid, supercoiled 30nm fibre, chromatin fibre, nucleosome, nucleosomes, histones, DNA double helix (20nm)

20
Q

what did fred griffith discover and when

A

1928 - transformation, R-forms look rough (no capsule) and S-form looks smooth (Has capsule), heat killed cells and he studied bacteria causing pneumonia

21
Q

what did beadle and tatum discover and when
draw out diagram to undertand

A

1941- investigated the ‘one-gene-one-enzyme’ hypothesis using bread mould.

A———->B———->C———>D——–>E
E1. - E2. - E3.
gene 1 - gene 2 - gene 3

his theory found that x-rays destroy gene 2 therefore no enzymes and mould dies unless supplmented with C,D, or E

22
Q

lac vs trp operon?

A

lac operon is inducible and encodes enzymes that break down lactose for food

trp operon is repressible that encodes enzymes that make tryptophan (AA)

23
Q

promoter region vs operator region

A

promoter region is DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription

Operator is the DNA segment where the repressor molecule binds to operon

24
Q

Explain how gene regulation is different in eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.

A

prokaryotes don’t have nucleuses so the process is much simpler, transcription and translation can occur at the same time at opposite ends of mRNA.

in eukaryotic cells, its regulated by repressors as well as by transcriptional activators. eukaryotes have to transcribe and then have a process for mRNA processing

25
Q

define operon, operator, repressor

A

operon - link of genes that regulates other genes that are responsible for protein synthesis

operator - segment of DNA where
repressor binds to, preventing transcription of certain genes

repressor - protein that binds to the operator sequence to inhibit gene transcription

26
Q

why is it advantageous to the cell to have some of its genes under regulation

A

To control when proteins are synthesized and when they are broken down.
- Allows cells to conserve energy and space.
- Convenient and more efficient to synthesize proteins only when needed..

27
Q

how to determine between inducers or corepressors

A

inducers - increase transcription

corepressors - decrease transcription

28
Q

p-site vs a-site

A

p site - (peptidyl) the second binding site for tRNA in the ribosome.

a site - (aminoacyl) the first binding site in the ribosome

29
Q

codon vs anti codon

A

codon - three-nucleotide sequence found on mRNA that codes for a certain amino acid during translation

anticodon - three-nucleotide sequence found on tRNA that binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence.

30
Q

start codon vs stop codon

A

start codon initiates the translation

stop codon ends the translation

31
Q

Three types of RNA must be functioning properly to ensure normal protein synthesis. Identify the three types of RNA that are needed and explain the critical role that each one plays during translation.

A

mRNA - carries information from DNA in nucleus to ribosomes

tRNA - carries AA to ribosomes during translation (builds AA chain)

rRNA - forms ribosomes (essential in protein synthesis)

32
Q

The following sequence was isolated from a fragment of mRNA:
5’ – GGC CCA UAG AUG CCA CCG GGA AAA GAC UGA GCC CCG – 3’

Translate the sequence into protein starting with the start codon.

A

5’ – GGC CCA UAG AUG CCA CCG GGA AAA GAC UGA GCC CCG – 3’

AUG is the start codon (met)

translated AUG (start) CCA CCG GGA AAA GAC UGA (stop) : Met-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Asp

33
Q

Differentiate between introns and exons

A

introns - non coding sections of RNA transcript

exons - sections of DNA that code for proteins

34
Q

differences in prokaryote and eukaroyote transcription

A

prokaryotes
- coupled with translation
- lacks introns meaning no excision (removing/cutting out)

eukaryotes
- occurs in nucleus
- spliceosomes (large RNA protein) cut introns out and exons join together

35
Q
A

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