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u1 biochem Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are covalent bonds?

A

covalent bonds are bonds where two atoms share electrons to have a full, satisfied outer shell

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2
Q

what are polar covalent bond and non-polar covalent bonds?

A

polar covalent bonds are bonds between two or more atoms that share the same electrons unequally because 1 atom is more electronegative than the other so it has more pull for the electrons. one side of bond is more negative and other is more positive.

non polar covalent bonds are bonds between two or more atoms that share the same electrons equally. no charges.

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3
Q

what bond is it where the EN difference is <0.5

A

non-polar covalent

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4
Q

what bond is it where the EN difference is 0.5<EN<1.7

A

polar covalent

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5
Q

what bond is it where the EN difference is >1.7

A

ionic bond

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6
Q

what is hydrogen bond and explain its dipoles briefly

A

a force of attraction between a hydrogen atom and a more electronegative atom such as O, N, F.

Has very strong dipole interactions due to their electronegative properties.

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7
Q

ground state

A

The original state of electrons/energy at rest. This is the most stable arrangement

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8
Q

excited state

A

electrons absorb energy and jump to outer orbits

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9
Q

isotopes

A

atoms that have the same # of protons but different number of neutrons (which effects mass).

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10
Q

anion

A

the atom that receives an electron (becomes more negative)

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11
Q

cation

A

the atom that gives away an electron (becomes more positive)

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12
Q

what is electronegativity

A

electronegativity measures the power of an atom to attract bonding pairs of electrons.

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13
Q

why do non-polar molecules not dissolve in water

A

non-polar doesn’t dissolve in water because it doesn’t have dipoles to interact with water. hydrogen bonds are too strong to interfere with as well.

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14
Q

dipole-dipole vs vander waals

A

dipole-dipole IMF is permanent and there are charges.
vander waals or LDF is temporary and there are no charges.

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15
Q

what are compounds

A

two or more atoms

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16
Q

intermolecular vs intramolecular

A

inter. means forces WITHIN a molecule (eg. H giving e- to Cl)
intra. means forces between two or more diff. molecules. (eg. H2O bonding with OH)

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17
Q

5 properties of water

A
  1. high surface tension
  2. high specific heat
  3. low density at solid
  4. high heat of vaporization
  5. adhesion/cohesion
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18
Q

why is water a universal solvent

A

water is very polar, meaning it has one negative end and another positive end which helps it dissolve things (positive and negative charges attract other pos/neg charges)

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19
Q

what is the strongest bond and why

A

hydrogen bonds are the strongest because they have high electronegative difference which allows it to attract many electrons.

bc of the EN diff. where oxygen has high EN and hydrogen has low EN, O hogs the e- which results in a polar covalent bond with a neg end and a pos end.

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20
Q

what are the functional groups (needed for test)

A

hydroxyl (OH), amino (NH2), sulfhydryl (SH), carboxyl (COOH), carbonyl (COO)

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21
Q

hydroxyl

A

OH - makes things more soluble in water

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22
Q

structural isomer

A

two or more compounds that contain the same # of atoms but differ in geometric arrangement. (Same molecular formula different arrangement).

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23
Q

monomer

A

a molecule that can combined to others of the same kind to create larger, more complex structures

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24
Q

polymer

A

made up of many joined monomers

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25
Q

examples of monomers that create polymers

A

many glucose –> glycogen
many amino acids –> protein (hair, muscle, protein)

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26
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

a water is removed when two molecules join tgt to create 1 large molecule. (monomers into polymer)

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27
Q

neutralization rx

A

reaction between acids and bases where water is removed and a salt is formed.

base + acid –> salt + water

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28
Q

hydrolysis

A

water is added when one large molecule breaks down into two molecules (polymer into monomers)

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29
Q

redox rx

A

OIL
Oxidation is LOSS of e-
RIG
Reduction is GAIN of e-

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30
Q

differentiate carboxyl and carbonyl

A

carbonyl is a carbon atom attached to two oxygen atoms.
carboxyl is a carbonyl bonded to a hydroxyl

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31
Q

function of carbohydrates

A

“fast, temporary source of energy”
energy storage, strength/support, communication

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32
Q

function of lipids

A

longterm energy, insulation, vitamin absorption, protects organs, lubricates joints.

eg. wax on leaves makes it waterproof

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33
Q

function of protein

A

makes enzymes, communication, boosts immunity (antibodies), creates structure (muscle + skin)

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34
Q

what are the 4 levels of structure and explain it

A
  1. primary - sequence of A.A that makes up proteins
  2. secondary - consists of Beta pleated sheets and alpha helix which makes structure very strong bc H bonding
  3. tertiary - folded structure, polypeptide chain (disulphide bridge)
  4. quaternary - 2 or more polypeptide chains (an arrange tertiary structure)
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35
Q

saturated chains have ____ bonds

A

No double bonds

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36
Q

unsaturated chains have ____ bonds

A

double bonds

37
Q

glycerol + 3 fatty acid = ?

A

triglyceride

38
Q

ribose and deoxyribose

A

ribose has 5 carbon structure
deoxyribose is ribose but remove an oxygen

39
Q

prefix oligo

A

naming prefix for 3-10 molecules

40
Q

monosacchride

A

monomer that makes up carbohydrates

41
Q

disacchride

A

the sugar formed when two monosaccharides join together

42
Q

difference between triglyceride and phospholipid?

A

triglyceride is glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids while a phospholipid is basically a triglyceride except one fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group.

43
Q

diff. between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid structure

A

saturated is joined by single bonds
unsaturated is joined by one or more double bond.

44
Q

dipeptide

A

a molecule of two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond (covalent bond)

45
Q

describe the fluid mosiac model

A

a fluid mix of phospholipids that makes up the plasma membrane

46
Q

parts of the fluid mosiac model.
draw and label

A

hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails, cholesterol membrane, integral transport protein, exoskeleton, peripheral protein, glycocalyx

47
Q

integral protein function

A

transport molecules across membrane,
cell adhesion, act as enzymes

48
Q

symporter

A

transports many different types of molecules

49
Q

secondary active transport

A

pumps one ion one way and another ion the other way at the same time. eg. na+ and k+

50
Q

endocytosis

A

cell engulfs substances (brings into cell)

51
Q

exocytosis

A

moves substances out of cell

52
Q

types of endocytosis and explain

A

phagocytosis - engulfs a large molecule
pinocytosis - engulfs smaller molecules or liquids
receptor mediated - receptor receives specific targeted molecule

53
Q

sodium potassium pump + how it works

A

3 na+ exported, 2 k+ imported
uses ATP (adenosine triphosphate), potassium stimulates the pump to change shape to release sodium ions and take in potassium (also released into extracellular space)

54
Q

what is it called when energy from atp is put in

A

potassium is lost and atp –> adp (adenosine diphosphate)

55
Q

diffusion

A

net movement down a gradient (high concentration to low concentration)

56
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

uses transport proteins to move down gradient

57
Q

active transport

A

uses ATP to move against concentration gradient

58
Q

what does a deep purple in a lugol test mean?

A

it is positive meaning polysaccharides are present

59
Q

what does benedicts test do?

A

indicated if there are monosaccharides present

60
Q

benedict test

A

tests for monosaccharides

61
Q

lugols test

A

tests for polysaccharides

62
Q

biuret test

A

tests for protein

63
Q

a solute has a concentration outside the cell that is greater than the solute concentration inside the cell how will it reach equilibrium

A

the solvent particles inside the cell will diffuse through the cell membrane to the outside of the cell until the concentrations inside and outside the cell are equalized. Because solvent particles will leave the cell, the cell will get smaller.

64
Q

sudan red test

A

tests for lipids

65
Q

what can affect rate of diffusion

A

temperature, particle size, concentration difference, and distance of diffusion

66
Q

what are aquaporins

A

large family of integral proteins that are known as water channels that help maintain homeostasis

67
Q

integral protein

A

type of protein that can partially pass through membrane. it is then embedded in the bilayer to help transport molecules

68
Q

enzymes

A

protein based catalyst meaning it speeds up reactions (and are not used up in the process)

69
Q

lock + key principle

A

enzyme acts as a unique lock while the substrate is the unique key. the substrate is meant to specifically fit the enzyme.

70
Q

activation energy (Ea)

A

the amount of energy to break or make bonds

71
Q

factors affect Ea

A

temperature, ph level, substrate concentration

72
Q

gibbs free energy

A

the energy available to useful work

73
Q

exothermic (exergonic) reaction

A

reactant expels light or heat energy to create product (catabolic rx - 1 reactant –> 2 products)

74
Q

endothermic (endogonic) reaction

A

absorbs heat to create product (anabolic rx - 2 reactant, 1 product).

75
Q

biochemical pathway

A

a specific sequence where a chain of enzymes catalyze a variety of diff. reactions

76
Q

feedback inhibition

A

cellular control mechanism where activity of enzyme is inhibited by the end product (helps prevent cells from wasting energy)

77
Q

allosteric regulation

A

when another particle bonds to the allosteric site of an enzyme and essentially deactivates the enzyme.

78
Q

conformational change

A

when the shape of enzyme active site changes and substrate cannot act upon

79
Q

co factors

A

inogranic atoms and binds to enzyme temporarily

80
Q

co enzymes

A

organic molecule that binds to active site

81
Q

competitive inhibition

A

substrate cannot bind to blocked active site

82
Q

non competitive inhibition

A

active site prevents substrate binding due to conformational change so it binds to allosteric site

83
Q

london dispersion forces

A

type of imf that exists in all molecules regardless of polarity, however it is the ONLY force in non-polar molecules. it is caused by electrons of a molecule being attracted to the nucleus of the other. this forms temporary/instantaneous dipoles

84
Q

dipole dipole

A

occurs in all polar molecules. Caused by the attraction of the δ + end of one molecule and δ - end of a neighbouring molecule

85
Q

hydrogen bond

A

very strong type of dipole dipole force. caused by the attraction of positive hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom (only N, O, F) in a molecule

86
Q

ester link/bond

A

bond between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

87
Q

peptide bond

A

(carbon number one) of one alpha-amino acid and N2 (nitrogen number two) of another

c1 linked to n2

88
Q

denaturation

A

When a protein’s shape is altered, it can no longer function. Salt, concentration, pH, and high heat cause it.

89
Q
A

ap bio (4 decks)

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