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History > U1 - Civil Rights up to 1968 > Flashcards

U1 - Civil Rights up to 1968 Flashcards

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1
Q

Factors for the growth of civil rights after 1945

A
  • The continuation of Prejudice and Racism
  • Effective Black leaders
  • Effective Black organisation
  • Serviceman from WW2
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2
Q

Jim Crow laws

A
  • Still take place after 1945
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3
Q

What happened after WW1 with Black Americans

A
  • Challenged segregation as they felt they had earned the right to be treated as full citizens because of their military service and sacrifices
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4
Q

What did Rosa Parks say about Jim Crow laws

A

“Everyday in the early 1950s we were looking for way to challenge Jim Crow laws”

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5
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

Brown vs Topeka Board of Education 1954

A
  • An all-white school was just 5 blocks from the home of Oliver Brown in Topeka, Kansas
  • Linda Brown (daughter) had to attend an all-black school over 20 blacks away
  • NAACP failed to get legal authority for her to go to her local school so they took it to the supreme court
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6
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

Brown vs Topeka Board of Education 1954 - Supreme Court

A
  • With the help of the NAACP her father took the case to the Supreme Court
  • This time the court decided that the separate but equal was wrong
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7
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

Brown vs Topeka Board of Education 1954 - The decision

A
  • To separate them (black children) from others of similar age or qualification just because of their colour makes black children feel inferior
  • Decided that education the idea of separate but equal has no place
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8
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

Brown vs Topeka Board of Education 1954 - Result

A
  • By 1957, less than 12% of 6300 school districts in the south had desegregated
  • By the end of 1965, not one black child regularly attended a white school in the south
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9
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

What did President Eisenhower say about segregation?

A

“I don’t believe you can change the hearts of men by laws and decisions (1954)

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10
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

Little Rock, 1957 - School and how many applied

A
  • Central High School was regarded as the best high school in the south
  • 1957, after the Brown verdict, 75 black children applied to go to the school:
    50 rejected
    16 changed their minds
    9 children were left
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11
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

Little Rock, 1957 - Day and Black children arriving

A
  • 3rd September 1957
  • Hostile crowd of parents and students gathered to watch the children enter the school
  • Black children arrived together on the principle of safety in numbers
  • Elizabeth Eckford didn’t get the message (arrived alone)
  • Clear they weren’t getting into school
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12
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

Little Rock, 1957 - What did people shout at them?

A
  • “Niggers, get back to the jungle”
  • “lynch her”
  • “tie her to a tree”
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13
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

Little Rock, 1957 - What did President Eisenhower decide?

A
  • Felt compelled to intervene

- Couldn’t let the individual states to ignore federal law anymore

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14
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

Little Rock, 1957 - What did President Eisenhower do?

A
  • Put 10,000 of the Arkansas National Guard under federal control to protect the black children
  • Soldiers who barred the black children from the school now protest them
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15
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

Little Rock, 1957 - How long did the soldiers stay?

A
  • For a year and even patrolled corridors to make sure children were safe
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16
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

Little Rock, 1957 - The governor of Arkansas said:

A
  • “If black pupils get into the school then blood will run in the street”
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17
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

Little Rock, 1957 - Analysis Point

A
  • Helped gain momentum against the racism
  • Event drew national television crews
  • Helped bring support from both black and white
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18
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

Little Rock, 1957 - Analysis +

A
  • Showed blacks that they probably needed to do more than rely on court decisions to change their circumstances
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19
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

The Montgomery Bus Boycott - Segregation on public transport

A
  • Public transport was segregated
  • Buses in Montgomery whites would sit at the front and blacks at the back
  • No black could sit parallel to a white person
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20
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

The Montgomery Bus Boycott - Rosa Park incident

A
  • 1st December 1955
  • Mrs Rosa Parks and three other black woman were ordered to stand when a white man got on bus
  • Rosa refused to give up her seat
  • Gets arrested at Montgomery police station
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21
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

The Montgomery Bus Boycott - Who is Rosa Parks

A
  • A secretary for the Montgomery branch of the NAACP
  • Worked as a seamstress in a near by department store
  • Black American leaders and civil rights campaigners decided to use her case to end segregation on buses in Montgomery
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22
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

The Montgomery Bus Boycott - NAACP

A
  • National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People
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23
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

The Montgomery Bus Boycott - The day of Rosa Parks trial

A
  • NAACP demanded that the bus companies use a first come, first served system
  • That drivers should be polite to blacks and black drivers to be employed
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24
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

The Montgomery Bus Boycott - City Commissioners

A
  • Rejected the proposal and one-day boycott became a year long one and 40,000 blacks refused to travel on the buses
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25
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

The Montgomery Bus Boycott - 20 Black American church leaders

A
  • Formed the Montgomery improvement Association (MIA) to organise and co-ordinate the boycott Martin Luther was elected as leader of (MIA)
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26
Q

The continuation of Prejudice and Racism

The Montgomery Bus Boycott - Outcome

A
  • Federal district court decides that segregation on buses was against the constitution
  • Buses were segregated in December 1956
  • Bus companies began to segregate anyway as they could afford to lose business
  • White downtown business where blacks couldn’t go lost over $1 million
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27
Q

The formation of effective Black Organisations

The Sit-Ins - When/where and organisation

A
  • SNCC and CORE
  • First “Sit-In” was at Woolworth’s lunch counter Greensboro North Carolina: 1st February 1960
  • Ended many discrimination in public places
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28
Q

The formation of effective Black Organisations

The Sit-Ins - What happened

A
  • 4 boys sit in white area and ask for food. Employer says no
  • The boys returned the next day with 23 people
  • Third day with over 80 people
  • By April 1969 nearly 70,00 are involved
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29
Q

The formation of effective Black Organisations

The Sit-Ins - Outcome

A
  • Sales dropped by a third in the boycotted stores
  • Owners abandoned their segregation policies
  • Black employees were the first of Greensboro’s Woolworth stores to be served (July 25, 1960)
  • Next day the whole of Woolworth was desegregated serving blacks and whites alike
30
Q

The formation of effective Black Organisation

The Freedom Rides - Organisations

A
  • CORE, SCLC, SNCC

- Non-violent protest to bring about federal intervention

31
Q

The formation of effective Black Organisation

The Freedom Rides - What happened

A
  • Two buses were stopped and burned
  • People tried to get off were savagely beaten
  • One student James Peck had to have 50 stiches in his head
32
Q

The formation of effective Black Organisation

The Freedom Rides - President Kennedy

A
  • “This has to stop”
  • Kenny sent an advisor
  • He was beaten unconscious
  • Many middle class Northern Americans were outraged
33
Q

The formation of effective Black Organisation

March on Washington 1963 - Organisations

A
  • NAACP, SCLC, CORE, SNCC

- Drew national attention through publicity

34
Q

The formation of effective Black Organisation

March on Washington 1963 - What happened

A
  • Led be 250,000 marches and it was one of the biggest demonstrations in American history
  • 28th August 1963 (biggest demonstrations in American)
  • Gathered at Lincoln Memorial
35
Q

The formation of effective Black Organisation

March on Washington 1963 - Lincoln

A
  • President Lincoln freed the slaves 100 years before
  • Ordered in 1863 that the slaves should be set free
  • At Lincoln Memorial, King gave his most famous speech
  • All 3 national TV networks carried his speech
  • Many were moved by his dignity and his passion
36
Q

The formation of effective Black Organisation

Birmingham, Alabama, 1963

A
  • 1963: MLK and the SCLC decided to go to Birmingham, one of the most racist and segregated cities
  • Nicknamed ‘Bombingham’ due to the amount of bombings on the large black population of the city be a very violent KKK
  • Segregation was rigid and violence and very common here
37
Q

Black Leaders

Malcolm X

A
  • Born in Malcolm Little
  • Father was killed in a suspected Ku Klux Klan lynching
  • Dropped out of school and become involved in crime
  • Sent to prison in 1946, which changed his life
38
Q

Black Leaders

Malcolm X - The Nation of Islam

A
  • Converted to Islam while in jail
  • Joined extremist group called Nation of Islam
  • Became a minister in the Nation
  • In time he became the most important spokesman for the Nation
39
Q

Black Leaders

Malcolm X - Quotes

A
  • “We don’t go for desegregation. We go for separation”

- “You get freedom by letting your enemy know that you’ll do anything to get your freedom”

40
Q

Black Leaders

Malcolm X - What was the Nation of Islam

A
  • Followers of the Nation of Islam wanted nothing to do with ‘white devils’
  • Started their own shops, businesses, schools and churches
  • Wanted to separate black nation land given to them by the USA
  • Many blacks were attracted to the idea of the black Muslims
41
Q

Black Leaders

Malcolm X - Leaves the Black Muslims

A
  • Had serious arguments with the leader of the Nation of Islam
  • He was suspended from the movement in 1963
  • The travelled to Africa and the middle east
  • No longer thinks white people are devils after travelling to mecca
42
Q

Black Leaders

Malcolm X - Quote about white people not being devils

A
  • “I now know that some whites are truly sincere”
43
Q

Black Leaders

Malcolm X - A threat to the USA

A
  • Seen as a threat to Federal Government
  • Followed everywhere by FBI
  • Conservations recorded and phones bugged
  • Government feared he was building up racial hatred and would start riots and a revolution
44
Q

Black Leaders

Malcolm X - Assassination

A
  • 21st Feb 1965 murdered in mysterious circumstances
  • 14th Feb 1965 several of Muhammad’s followers firebombed Malcolm’s home
  • His bodyguards usually present day and night were ‘absent’
45
Q

Black Leaders

Martin Luther King

A
  • Born on 15th January 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia (south)
  • Wife was discriminated while training to be a teacher
  • Became a pastor of the baptist church in Montgomery (only 25 years old)
46
Q

Black Leaders

Martin Luther King - Bus Boycott and just after

A
  • He was put in charge and successfully organised it for a year with another minister, Ralph Abernathy
  • After this he travelled all over the south making speeches and encouraging Black Americans to stand up for their rights
47
Q

Black Leaders

Martin Luther King - SCLC

A
  • In 1960, King became President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
48
Q

Black Leaders

Martin Luther King - Mahatma Gandhi

A
  • King met Gandhi when in India

- Gandhi used non-violent protest against British rulers of India in the 1940s

49
Q

Black Leaders

Martin Luther King - Mahatma Gandhi beliefs

A
  • The best way to protest against a system that used force to maintain its power was by non-violent civil disobedience
50
Q

Black Leaders

Martin Luther King - Beliefs

A
  • That Black Americans should “Love you enemies and pray for them”
51
Q

Black Leaders

Martin Luther King - Assassination

A
  • April 4th 1968
  • Shot dead in the southern US city of Memphis, Tennessee (in the head)
  • He was meant to lead a march of sanitation workers protesting against low wages and poor working conditions
52
Q

Black Leaders

Martin Luther King - Killer

A
  • James Earl Ray
  • Shot king from across the road from where MLK was staying, balancing on bathtub
  • Confessed to the police but later said he was forced to confess
  • Bullets from Kings body do not match rifle that Ray supposedly used
53
Q

Black Leaders

Martin Luther King - Why did King lead to the growth of the movement

A
  • Speaking ability
  • He was effective creating publicity
  • His beliefs in discipline non-violent direct action inspired people
  • His courage : received 30-40 threatening letters a day during the Montgomery Bus Boycott
54
Q

Black Leaders

Stokley Carmichael

A
  • Born in Trinidad in 1941
  • Took part in Freedom Rides and was arrested and spent 49 days in Parchman Penitentiary
  • 1966: Became Chairman of SNCC
  • Arrested 27 times due to Marches
  • 1967: Wrote Black Power outlining the vision of the role of Blacks in America
55
Q

Black Leaders

Stokley Carmichael - Why did Carmichael lead to the growth of the movement

A
  • His beliefs in Black supremacy and ‘Black Power’: Believed integration should be abandoned
  • His call for Blacks to have pride in themselves: adopted the slogan - “Black is Beautiful
  • Used extreme language to inspire people: famous for clenching fist
56
Q

The experience of Black service men in WWII

Background

A
  • 11 Dec 1941, Germany and Italy declared war on the USA
  • The war had been in Europe since 1939
  • The experience was a major turning point for civil rights
57
Q

The experience of Black service men in WWII

Background - Historian Quote

A

Historian Dr Stephen Tuck believes that the war was “absolutely key” in bringing about change for blacks

58
Q

The experience of Black service men in WWII

Experiences of Black soldiers - Segregation in the army

A
  • Seen as equal on the front line
  • Higher enlistment rate than whites (over 1 million served)
  • Red Cross segregated white and black blood
  • Military parades, church services, transportation and canteens were all separate
59
Q

The experience of Black service men in WWII

Experiences of Black soldiers - Segregation in the army - Quote

A

James McGill, the general surgeon to assistant secretary of war said it “was inadvisable to collect and mix Caucasian and negro blood”

60
Q

The experience of Black service men in WWII

Experiences of Black soldiers - Segregation in the air force and navy

A
  • Separate training for black pilots at separate training grounds
  • At first in the navy, blacks were given the most menial jobs but the need for more sailors meant some began to gain promotion
  • Segregation was harder to maintain in the navy
  • Navy was the first branch to desegregate in 1946
61
Q

The experience of Black service men in WWII

Experiences of Black soldiers - Black American soldiers became more politically active

A
  • Blacks started to demand to be treated equals in service of ‘Uncle Sam’
  • Philip A Randolph threatens a march to the white house
  • Roosevelt issued Executive order 8802 and Fair Employment Practices
  • NAACP membership increased from 50,000 to 450,00 during WW11 with 1500 branches across US
62
Q

The experience of Black service men in WWII

Experiences of Black soldiers - Black American soldiers became more politically active - Executive Order 8802

A
  • First government legislation that prohibited employment discrimination e.g. Army, Navy etc.
63
Q

The experience of Black service men in WWII

Experiences of Black soldiers - Black American soldiers became more politically active - Fair Employment Practices Commitees

A
  • Investigate incidents of discrimination
64
Q

The experience of Black service men in WWII

Experiences of Black soldiers - Roosevelt statement about the war

A
  • President Franklin D. Roosevelt stated that the war was against Hitlers racial policies and a war to support democratic freedoms
  • Therefore difficult to justify segregation at home
65
Q

The experience of Black service men in WWII

Experiences of Black soldiers - ‘Double V Campaign’

A
  • Victory in the war and victory against racism at home

- WW2 was being fought for democracy, freedom and human rights

66
Q

The experience of Black service men in WWII

Experiences of Black soldiers - Returning home

A
  • Still discrimination at home

- Many found it difficult to find jobs and led to the greater mobilisation of black people for civil rights

67
Q

The experience of Black service men in WWII

Experiences of Black soldiers - Returning home: Executive order 8802

A
  • Had some effect
  • 25% increase in those working in the iron and steel industry
  • Number of black people in work increased from 50,000 to 200,000
  • Jim Crow also remained in the south
68
Q

The experience of Black service men in WWII

Experiences of Black soldiers - Civil Rights & President Kennedy

A
  • Kennedy had many meeting with MLK
  • Lyndon B Johnston became the 36th President of the USA
  • Johnston introduced the Civil Rights Act
69
Q

The experience of Black service men in WWII

Experiences of Black soldiers - Civil Rights Act

A
  • Johnston introduced it
  • No racial discrimination allowed in public places such as restaurants, hotels and theatres
  • No segregation in schools, museums, libraries and hospital
  • No discrimination in employment
70
Q

The experience of Black service men in WWII

Experiences of Black soldiers - The Black Panther Party

A
  • Started October 1966 in Oakland, California
  • 6 members e.g. Elbert Howard, Huey Newton…
  • One of the first organisations to want the members to carry guns at all times
71
Q

The experience of Black service men in WWII

Experiences of Black soldiers - The Black Panther Party: 10 point plan

A
  • Wanted full employment
  • Decent Housing
  • Decent Education
  • Completely free health care for all blacks
  • Immediate end to police brutality
  • Got all except free health care

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