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History > U1 - Civil Rights to 1941 > Flashcards

U1 - Civil Rights to 1941 Flashcards

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1
Q

What began in 1861?

A

The American Civil war

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2
Q

What was one of the reasons for the American Civil war?

A

The question of slavery

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3
Q

What did President Abraham Lincoln campaign against?

A

The spread of slavery

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4
Q

Who was fighting in the American Civil War?

A

Battle between the north and the southern confederacy

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5
Q

What did President Abraham Lincoln issue?

A

Emancipation Proclamation on January 1st 1863

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6
Q

How did the 14 Amendment change the lives of the blacks?

A

Despite the freedom from slavery, the life for black Americans, especially in the southern states was extremely difficult

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7
Q

Who appeared on stage as ‘Jim Crow’ in 1828

A

Thomas Dartmouth Rice - wearing blackface makeup

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8
Q

What did ‘Jim Crow’ portray black people as?

A
  • Stupid
  • Lazy
  • Unreliable
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9
Q

When were most Jim Crow laws passed?

A

Between 1870 and 1900

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10
Q

What did Jim Crow laws do towards Blacks?

A

Separated Black people from White people

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11
Q

Separate Examples

Nurses

A

No white female nurse to nurse in wards in which negro men are placed - Alabama

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12
Q

Separate Examples

Restaurants

A

Separate eating facilities for black and white people - Alabama

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13
Q

Segregation

A
  • Separate churches
  • Public transport
  • Restrictions in careers in Law, Medicine and Education
  • Separate schools
  • Blacks had inferior education
  • Stand in election (some states)
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14
Q

Separate but equal case

What did they supreme court decide on Jim Crow laws?

A
  • In 1896 reached the decision to make the laws fully legal and made life even worse for Blacks
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15
Q

Separate but equal case

Plessey v Ferguson

A
  • Homer Plessey was a Black man who lived in Southern state of Louisiana
  • In 1892 he challenged a 2 year old streetcar law that separated passengers travelling on trains in Louisiana
  • The case was taking to the supreme court
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16
Q

Separate but equal case

What did Homer Plessey argue?

A
  • That the state of Louisiana had broken the 14th Amendment (that Jim Crow Laws broke federal laws)
  • 14th Amendment is that everyone should be treated equally no matter what colour
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17
Q

Separate but equal case

Supreme court decision on H v F

A
  • Decision that would effect race relations for the next 60 years
  • They agreed that the 14th Amendment was to make sure that Black people were treated by law in the same way as white people
  • Said it was perfectly acceptable to keep separate as long as equal facilities were provided for each race
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18
Q

Separate but equal case

H v F outcome

A
  • Segregation OK!
  • Jim Crow Laws OK!
  • Law kept the races apart but no race was better or worse than the other
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19
Q

Separate but equal case

What happen after 1896 with the Jim Crow Laws?

A
  • More Jim Crow laws spread across the south
  • In almost every case, Blacks had to make do with inferior facilities
  • Black life = got worse after the case
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20
Q

Separate but equal case

The effect of the decison

A
  • Segregation reached the white house
  • Black protesters complained to President Wilson in 1916 about -
    Segregation in toilets and eating facilities in Federal government offices
    Jim Crow laws being used against black men (lower paid jobs)
21
Q

Separate but equal case

President Wilson’s response towards Black protesters complaining about segregation

A

“Segregation is not humiliating and a benefit for you Black gentlemen”

22
Q

Lack of Political Influence

The right to vote

A
  • 15th Amendment to the Constitution (1870): Gave black american adults males the right to vote
  • Also said that nobody should lose their right to vote because of their colour or race
23
Q

Lack of Political Influence

The right to vote - By 1890s

A
  • Loopholes in the 15th Amendment were exploited
24
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Voting Qualification - Pay a poll tax

A
  • The tax rate was set so high that most blacks could not afford to pay it.
  • Since they did not pay the tax, they couldn’t vote
25
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Voting Qualification - Residency Qualification

A
  • In Mississippi, Blacks had to prove that they had lived 2 years in he state and 1 year in the election district
  • This affected black tenant farmers who were in the habit of moving yearly in search of better chance
26
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Grandfather Clause

A
  • Invented in Louisiana in 1898
  • Allowed illiterates to qualify to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had been eligible to vote on January 1st 1867
  • Blacks didn’t have the vote at this time
27
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Literacy Test

A
  • Black men had to take literacy tests

- Meant reading out a difficult document in front of a white listener who judged if it had been read well enough

28
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Understanding Clause

A
  • Designed as a loophole for illiterate whites who could not read the constitution
  • Could qualify by showing that they could ‘understand it’
  • Fraud was institutionalised
29
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Questions

A
  • Some states, Blacks could only register to vote if they could answer a series of questions correctly
  • e.g. “How many bubbles does a bar of soap make?” : they couldn’t answer so couldn’t vote
  • Any blacks that did qualify to vote were often threatened and beaten up
30
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Result of voting restrictions

A
  • If blacks couldn’t vote they could not elect anyone who could change their circumstances and get rid of Jim Crow laws
  • It made it easier for laws to be passed on segregation on all public facilities
31
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Result of voting restrictions - Stats

A
  • Of the 130,344 black voters registered in Louisiana in 1896 only 5320 remained by 1900
  • In 1900 two and a half million blacks in the south were illiterate
  • In 1900 180,000 blacks were registered to vote in Alabama
  • By 1902, only 3,000 were registered
  • By 1915 after the voting qualification only 3% of Blacks could vote
32
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Attitudes of Presidents - Woodrow Wilson 1916

A
  • Southerner elected in 1912
  • Determined to keep white and Black staff separate in the white house
  • Praised the KKK for helping to save the south from Black rule during reconstruction
33
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Attitudes of Presidents - Herbert Hoover

A
  • President in 1929
  • Wanted to get rid of blacks from the Republican Party in order to capture the votes of white southern democrats
  • Replaced many black republican leaders with whites
  • Nominated Judge J Parker to the supreme court in 1930, he supported the disenfranchisement of blacks in North Carolina in 1920
34
Q

Lack of Political Influence

KKK

A
  • Reformed in 1915 by William J. Simmons, a preacher
  • Didn’t believe in civil rights
  • Believed Black Americans were inferior
  • Promote: ‘White supremacy’ through fear and intimidation
  • Against Catholics, Jews, Communists and even divorced woman
  • ‘American way of life’ they said hey were protecting this
35
Q

Lack of Political Influence

KKK - What happened if people didn’t do what they were told?

A

They would be:

  • Kidnapped
  • Whipped
  • Mutilated
  • Murdered
36
Q

Lack of Political Influence

KKK - Stats

A
  • Lynched many black people
  • 109 people lynched in 1899, 87 were black
  • From 1918 to 1927, 416 blacks were killed, mostly in the south
  • Only 4 have been sentenced for the rime of lynching
37
Q

Lack of Political Influence

KKK - What was defeated in 1922

A
  • The Dyer anti-lynching bill was defeated in the US senate

- This enabled the practice of lynching to continue

38
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Economic Discrimination - In the south

A
  • Black Americans in the south suffered particularly from poverty
  • 1920s: income fell below $200 a year
  • Blacks were paid lower wages than white workers doing the same job
  • Often ‘last hired and the first fired’
39
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Economic Discrimination - The Great Migration

A
  • The industrial North offered greater economic opportunities especially when WW1 generated jobs
  • Between 1910 and 1970 over 6 million Blacks migrated from the rural south to the cities of the north, Midwest and west
40
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Economic Discrimination - The Great Migration (movement of blacks)

A
  • In 1910 89% of Blacks lived in the south

- BY 1970 53% of Blacks lived in the south

41
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Economic Discrimination - East St Louis riot 1917

A
  • 2 white police detectives were shot by Black youths
  • White mob invaded the Black area of the town
  • Black women and children were beaten up
  • Black men were lynched
  • 50 dead
42
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Economic Discrimination - Red Summer 1919

A
  • Lasted for 8 days
  • 38 dead: 23 black
  • Black men were in the sea when a white man threw a rock at one Black mans head and kills him
  • Black men race to white area and demand the white man to be arrested
  • Black man arrested instead
  • This started a mob between Black and white men
43
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Economic Discrimination - Discrimination in Housing

A
  • Northern whites had no desire to live near blacks
  • The appalling living conditions also affected the health of Blacks
  • No effective social security system
  • Death rate high due to incidences pf childbirth and infant mortality, tuberculosis. pneumonia and heart disease aggravated by lack of medical care
44
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Economic Discrimination - Discrimination in Housing: Stats

A
  • 90% of blacks lived in inner city ghettos by 1900
  • In Chicago in 1910, a 7 room apartment for working class white cost $25 a week but $37.50 a week for Blacks
  • In Harlem, the death rate among Blacks was 42% higher than in other parts of New York
45
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Economic Discrimination - Discrimination in Education

A
  • A reduction in spending on education hit Black communities more than white
  • In the south, states cut back on Black schools
  • In the North, only New York state refused to accept segregated schools
  • Without a good education, it was hard to escape the poverty trap
  • Poverty deprived Blacks of obtaining a good education
46
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Economic Discrimination - The great depression

A
  • They carried signs which said “no jobs for niggers until every white man has a job”
  • Desperate whites moved into the jobs formerly services, street cleaning, garbage collection and bellhops
47
Q

Lack of Political Influence

Economic Discrimination - The great depression: Stats

A
  • 2 million southern Black farmers left the land as crop prices plummeted from 18 to 6 cents a pound
48
Q

Obstacles to achieving civil rights

A
  • Separate but equal (Jim Crow)
  • KKK
  • Lack of political influence
  • Economic Discrimination

History (11 decks)

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