Typical Development Flashcards
Week 2
What are the five major theories of child development?
Neuromaturational, Cognitive (Behavioral), Dynamic Systems, Neuronal Group Selection, Ecological Systems.
What is the Neuromaturational Theory?
Suggests development follows a set, invariant sequence based on CNS maturation.
Which standardized test aligns with the Neuromaturational Model?
Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-4).
What is the primary assumption of the Neuromaturational Model?
Motor skills emerge as a result of CNS maturation; environment plays a secondary role.
What is the Cognitive (Behavioral) Theory of development?
Based on stimulus-response; behavior is shaped by environmental reinforcement and conditioning (Skinner, Pavlov).
What is the Dynamic Systems Theory of development?
Motor behavior emerges from the interaction of multiple subsystems, including infant, environment, and task.
How does the Neuronal Group Selection Theory explain motor development?
It emphasizes genetic and experience-driven variability, including primary and secondary variability.
What is the Ecological Systems Theory of development?
A child’s development is influenced by overlapping ecological systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem.
Which developmental theory is considered the most contemporary?
Dynamic Systems Approach.
What are the main directions of motor development?
Cephalocaudal (head to toe), proximal to distal, medial to lateral, generalized to localized.
What are the key gross motor milestones at 1-6 months?
1M: Clears airway in prone; 4M: Rolls supine to side; 6M: Sits independently.
When does prone on elbows typically emerge?
At around 3 months.
When does independent standing typically emerge?
Between 11-12 months.
What are red flags in gross motor development?
Persistent head lag beyond 4M, hand fisting beyond 4M, unable to sit by 9M, unable to walk by 18M.
At what age do infants typically transition from army crawling to creeping?
Army crawling: 7-8 months, Creeping: 9-10 months.
When does a child typically begin cruising?
At around 10 months.
What is the difference between creeping and crawling?
Crawling (army crawling) occurs with belly on the ground, creeping is on hands and knees.
When does goal-directed reaching typically develop?
Between 3-6 months.
What is the three-jaw chuck grasp and when does it develop?
A grasp using the thumb and first two fingers, developing around 10 months.
What are the stages of pencil grasp progression?
Palmar-supinate grasp, digital-palmar grasp, static tripod, dynamic tripod.
When do infants typically begin self-feeding?
Finger feeding by 12-15 months.
What are red flags in fine motor development?
Hand preference before 12 months, persistent hand fisting beyond 4 months, asymmetrical Moro reflex at any age.
At what age does babbling typically begin?
Around 4-5 months.
When do repetitive consonant sounds like ‘mama’ and ‘dada’ emerge?
At 10 months.
What are common language milestones at 12 months?
Can name 3 body parts, imitate names of familiar objects, follow simple commands.
When does a child typically start using two-word combinations?
Between 18-24 months.
What are the three types of play at age 2?
Exploratory play, parallel play, social play.
What are red flags for cognitive/language development?
Lack of reciprocal vocalization by 10M, <50 word vocabulary at 24M, lack of eye contact, loss of previously acquired skills.
What is the difference between reflexes and reactions?
Reflexes are simple and predictable; reactions are more complex and inconsistent.
What are the two groupings of reflexes?
Primitive Reflexes (present at birth) and Automatic Reflexes (develop in first 2 years).
What is the Plantar Grasp Reflex and its significance?
Stimulus: Pressure on foot; Response: Toe flexion; If not integrated, can impact walking.
What is the Moro Reflex and why is it important?
Stimulus: Sudden head drop; Response: Arm extension then flexion; Important for first breath and survival instincts.
What is the Rooting Reflex and its function?
Stimulus: Stroke side of mouth; Response: Baby turns toward stimulus; Helps with feeding.
What is the Babinski Reflex and when should it disappear?
Stimulus: Stroke sole of foot; Response: Toe extension and fanning; Should disappear by 12 months.
What is the ATNR (Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex) and its impact if retained?
Stimulus: Turning head to one side; Response: Extension of limbs on face side, flexion on opposite side; If retained, can interfere with midline activities and hand-eye coordination.
What is the STNR (Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex) and its impact if retained?
Stimulus: Head flexion or extension; Response: Flexion of arms/extension of legs (or vice versa); If retained, can interfere with crawling and posture.
What is the Landau Reflex and when does it appear?
Stimulus: Hold baby in prone suspension; Response: Extension of neck, trunk, and legs (‘superman’); Appears at 3-4 months and integrates by 1-2 years.
What is the Alberta Infant Motor Scales (AIMS)?
A norm-referenced assessment for gross motor development in infants.
What positions are observed in AIMS?
Prone, supine, sitting, standing.
What are key descriptors in AIMS assessment?
Weight-bearing (WB), postural alignment, antigravity movements (AGM).
What percentile is concerning on AIMS at 4 months?
<10th percentile.
What percentile is concerning on AIMS at 8 months?
<5th percentile.
What standardized tests assess motor development?
Peabody, Bayley, AIMS, PEDI, SFA.
What are equilibrium reactions and when do they develop?
Counter-movements to maintain balance; Prone: 6M, Supine: 7-8M, Sitting: 7-8M, Quadruped: 9-12M, Standing: 12-24M.
What are protective reactions and when do they emerge?
Front: 6-7M, Side: 7-8M, Back: 9M, Downward: 4M, Stepping: 15-17M.
How does the Dynamic Systems Theory differ from the Neuromaturational Theory?
Dynamic Systems Theory considers multiple interacting subsystems influencing development, while Neuromaturational Theory emphasizes CNS maturation as the primary driver.
What are intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors in motor development?
Intrinsic: muscle properties, neurological state; Extrinsic: environment, parental interaction, task demands.
What is ‘primary variability’ in the Neuronal Group Selection Theory?
Initial motor patterns are genetically driven and variable, allowing for exploration.
What is ‘secondary variability’ in the Neuronal Group Selection Theory?
Motor patterns become more refined and efficient through experience and practice.
How does the Ecological Systems Theory relate to pediatric PT?
It emphasizes how family, school, and society influence child development and function.
What gross motor milestone is expected at 18 months?
Walking backward.
What gross motor skill develops at 24 months?
Jumping forward 4 inches.
When does stair climbing with alternating feet typically develop?
27 months with railing, 36 months without railing.
When do children typically begin skipping?
Between 4-5 years old
What is the difference between a superior pincer grasp and an inferior pincer grasp?
Superior: Tip of thumb and index finger; Inferior: Pads of thumb and index finger.
When does a child begin to use a palmar-supinate grasp for writing?
Around 12-15 months.
What is a red flag for fine motor development at 12 months?
Not using a pincer grasp or persistent fisting.
What is joint attention and why is it important?
Shared focus between child and caregiver, crucial for language and social development.
What type of play predominates at age 3?
Associative play—children engage in separate activities but interact with each other.
What is the difference between expressive and receptive language?
Expressive: Ability to produce language; Receptive: Ability to understand language.
At what age should the Moro Reflex integrate?
4-6 months.
What is the purpose of the Landau Reflex?
Breaks up flexor dominance and facilitates prone extension.
Which reflex is an early indicator of cerebral palsy if retained?
Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR).
What does a percentile rank below the 5th percentile on AIMS indicate?
Potential gross motor delay requiring further assessment.
Why does AIMS use an observational approach?
Minimizes handling and allows assessment of natural movements.
What is the purpose of equilibrium reactions?
To maintain balance when the center of mass is displaced.
At what age does the backward protective response emerge?
At 9 months.
Why is the concept of adjusted age important in pediatric assessment?
It accounts for prematurity when evaluating developmental milestones.
What is the significance of antigravity control in development?
It allows for postural stability and independent movement progression.
What is the purpose of the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS)?
A norm-referenced observational tool assessing gross motor development in infants from birth to independent walking.
What positions are assessed in the AIMS?
Prone, supine, sitting, and standing.
What is the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-2)?
A norm-referenced test that evaluates fine and gross motor skills in children from birth to 5 years old.
What are the six subtests of the PDMS-2?
Reflexes, Stationary, Locomotion, Object Manipulation, Grasping, and Visual-Motor Integration.
What is a key advantage of the PDMS-2?
Provides both fine and gross motor composite scores, making it useful for tracking motor development over time.
What is the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-4)?
A standardized test that assesses cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional, and adaptive behavior development in children aged 1 to 42 months.
Which domains does the Bayley assess?
Cognitive, Language, Motor, Social-Emotional, and Adaptive Behavior.
What is a limitation of the Bayley?
It requires trained examiners and can be time-consuming to administer.
What is the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI)?
A norm- and criterion-referenced tool that assesses self-care, mobility, and social function in children aged 6 months to 7.5 years.
What type of scoring does the PEDI use?
Measures functional skills, caregiver assistance, and environmental modifications.
What is the School Function Assessment (SFA)?
A criterion-referenced assessment that evaluates participation, task supports, and activity performance in school-aged children.
What is the primary purpose of the SFA?
To assess a child’s ability to function within a school environment and identify areas needing support.
What is the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)?
A criterion-referenced assessment designed to evaluate gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy and Down syndrome.
How is the GMFM scored?
Scores are based on the percentage of tasks completed in five dimensions: lying/rolling, sitting, crawling/kneeling, standing, and walking/running/jumping.
What is the primary use of the GMFM?
Tracking motor function changes over time in children with motor impairments.
What is the Wee-FIM?
A pediatric adaptation of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) that assesses self-care, mobility, and cognition in children with disabilities.
How is the Wee-FIM scored?
A 7-level scale evaluating independence in activities of daily living (ADLs).
What is the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP)?
An assessment tool for preterm and full-term infants aged 34 weeks gestational age to 4 months post-term, measuring motor control and early postural development.
What is a unique feature of the TIMP?
It is predictive of later motor outcomes and often used in the NICU.
What is the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2)?
A norm-referenced assessment that evaluates fine and gross motor skills in children aged 4-21 years.
What are the subtests of the BOT-2?
Fine Manual Control, Manual Coordination, Body Coordination, and Strength/Agility.
What is a key advantage of the BOT-2?
It is useful for assessing children with coordination disorders and developmental delays.
What is the Sensory Profile?
A parent/caregiver questionnaire that assesses sensory processing patterns in children.
What are the main sensory processing areas assessed in the Sensory Profile?
Sensory modulation, sensory discrimination, and sensory-based motor performance.
What is the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ)?
A parent-completed screening tool used to identify developmental delays in children aged 1 month to 5.5 years.
What domains does the ASQ assess?
Communication, Gross Motor, Fine Motor, Problem-Solving, and Personal-Social skills.
