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MCAT Biology > Types of Tissue > Flashcards

Types of Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the digestive system formed by?

A

Alimentary Canal (gastrointestinal tube)

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2
Q

Where does the alimentary canal started and end?

A

Mouth to Anus

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3
Q

What suspends the digestive system?

A

Coelem

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4
Q

What are the two cavities of the coelem (which is the main cavity)?

A

1) Abdominal Cavity

2) Thoracic Cavity

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5
Q

What does the thoracic cavity consist of?

A

Heart and Lungs

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6
Q

What does the abdominal cavity consist of?

A

Stomach, intestines, liver

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7
Q

What separates the upper (thoracic) and lower (abd) cavities of the coelem?

A

Diaphragm

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8
Q

Similar cells that come together form _____.

A

Tissues

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9
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

1) Epithelial
2) Nervous
3) Connective
4) Muscle

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10
Q

Tissues of different types come together and work to perform a specific function form an ______.

A

organ

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11
Q

What are the two types of epithelial cells?

A

1) Simple

2) Stratified

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12
Q

Name the three specific shapes of epithelial cells.

A

1) Squamous
2) Cuboidal
3) columnar

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13
Q

On the lumenal side of epithelial cells are projections called ______.

A

Microvilli

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14
Q

What is the purpose of microvilli?

A

Increase surface area to increase absorption (to get more nutrients!)

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15
Q

Other than microvilli, what is another structure that can be found on the lumenal side of epithelial cells? What is its purpose?

A

Cilia, move in a coordinated unidirectional wave to move particles outside of the body (i.e. moves foriegn foreign particles out of resp. tract)

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16
Q

What should you think of when you think of where epithelial cells would be in the body?

A

Line (lines on the inside and outside of surfaces; i.e. outer lining of the skin, inner lining of the stomach/abd cavity)

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17
Q

What are the specialized junctions of epithelial cells?

A

1) Tight Junctions
2) Desmosomes
3) Gap Junction

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18
Q

What is the purpose of a tight junction?

A

1) Act as a permeability barrier (i.e. prevention of protein molecules from going from lumenal side to basolateral side of cell)
2) Hold neighboring cells together

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19
Q

What is the purpose of desmosomes?

A

Holds cells (epithelial) together (cell to cell adhesion)

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20
Q

What is an example of a desmosome?

A

Basal Lamina

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21
Q

Joins epithelial cells to a structure on the basal side of the cell. In close contact with connective tissue that helps anchor the cells in place

A

Basal Lamina

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22
Q

What is the purpose of gap junctions?

A

1) Allows water soluble molecules to past from one cytoplasm to another
2) Allows cells to function as a unit (equilibration)

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23
Q

Epithelial cells can ______ substances into the _______ space.

A

1) Secrete

2) Lumenal

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24
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secrete substance into the lumen by the way of a duct

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25
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Secrete substances into the blood.

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26
Q

Stratified Squamous epithelium usually has a ______ Function. How dot they work?

A

1) Protective Function
2) In areas of high turnover, cells or rapidly lost and replaced (usually areas of high friction)
3) As cells are lost, new cells begin to move towards the surface

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27
Q

An example of stratified, squamous epithelial cells. What is it abundant in?

A

1) Skin

2) Keratin - Strong, Fibrous Tissue

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28
Q

What region of the skin is comprised of stratified epithelial cells that acts to protect deeper layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis

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29
Q

What is directly underneath the epidermis?

A

Dermis

30
Q

Structure surround the hair follicles, which act to straighten hair shaft

A

Erector muscles

31
Q

What layer of the skin are the erector muscles located

A

Dermis

32
Q

What is happening with the erector muscles when goosebumps are visible?

A

1) They are contracting
2) Skin surrounding the hair follicle becomes depressed
3) This happens when a person is cold
4) This is the bodies response to coldness, trying to constrict blood vessels near the surface of the skin to prevent an individual from loosing anymore heat

33
Q

Erector muscles are __________ by ________ causing them to contract at specific times (in the cold).

A

innervated, nerves

34
Q

What happens in the dermis when it is hot outside?

A

blood is shunted to the surface to release heat

35
Q

Is the skin highly vascularized?

A

Yes

36
Q

What is underneath the dermis?

A

Subcutaneous Tissue (where adipose deposits are located)

37
Q

What are the purposes of connective tissue?

A

Anchor, support structures of the body

38
Q

What type of tissue are in the list below:

Blood Cells
Mast Cells
Adipose Cells
Melanocytes

A

Connective Tissue

39
Q

List 4 types of connective tissue.

A

Blood Cells
Mast Cells
Adipose Cells
Melanocytes

40
Q

Secretes many proteins that make up connective tissue.

A

Fibroblasts

41
Q

What are some proteins fibroblasts secrete?

A

Collagen, Reticulin, Elastin

42
Q

Triple Stranded, Insoluble, Fibrous Fibers that are high cross-linked and coiled. Is also strong and flexible.

A

Collagen

43
Q

The most abundant protein in mammals.

A

Collagen

44
Q

Where is reticulin most abundant?

A

Spleen, lympth nodes

45
Q

Is reticulin highly cross-linked like collagen?

A

No

46
Q

Is Elastin highly cross-linked like collagen?

A

Yes

47
Q

What types of organs is elastin commonly associated with?

A

Organs with great elasticity (i.e. skin, lungs, blood vessels)

48
Q

What type tissue is cartilage and what is it secreted by?

A

1) Connective

2) Chondrocyte

49
Q

Cartilage is usually located in places on the body that endure a certain amount of ________ on the body. Such as ____, _______, _______.

A

1) Stress

2) Ears, nose, inter-vertebral discs, and vertebral column

50
Q

What type of tissue is bone?

A

Connective

51
Q

Bone is made of 1/3 _______ and 2/3 _________ and ________.

A

1) Collagen

2) Inorganic Crystals: Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Carbonate

52
Q

Collagen in cartilage is secreted by specialized fibroblasts called:

A

Osteoblasts

53
Q

Collagen gives bones its ________ while the inorganic crystals give bone its _________.

A

1) Flexibility

2) Rigidity

54
Q

What type of marrow is found in bone and what does it secrete?

A

1) spongy marrow

2) red and white blood cells

55
Q

The arrangement of bone towards the surface is more ________. This is compatible to the polysaccharide ________, found in the exoskeleton of insects/

A

1) Compact

2) Chitin

56
Q

Where are mast cells found and what do they release?

A

1) respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts

2) Histamines

57
Q

What are histamines released in response to?

A

1) allergic reactions
2) infection
3) injury

58
Q

What happens when histamine is released?

A

Increased blood flow to the affected area.

59
Q

Adipose

A

Fat

60
Q

Melanocytes

A

Pigment

61
Q

What are the types of Muscles?

A

1) Voluntary (skeletal)

2) Involuntary (Smooth and Cardiac)

62
Q

What does the nervous system allow?

A

One to adapt quickly to external stimuli

63
Q

What happens when a hammer taps the patellar tendon?

A

1) electrical impulse is generated
2) impulse travels to spinal cord via sensory nerve
3) Impulse returns to the muscle initially stimulated via motor neuron (which is synapse with with the sensory neuron)
4) Muscle contracts

64
Q

What are the two major cells in the nervous system?

A

1) Nerve cells

2) Glial cells

65
Q

Nerve cells are also called _____.

A

Neurons

66
Q

List major anatomical features of a neuron.

A

1) Axon
2) Dendrite
3) Cell body

67
Q

State the path a nerve impulse typically travels.

A

1) Dendrite (receives and transmits info to cell body)
2) Cell body (processes information)
3) Axon (information travels down axon)

68
Q

Information travels down the axon in the form of a _______.

A

Nerve impulse

69
Q

Another name for nerve impulse

A

Action Potential

70
Q

What is the end of the axon called?

A

Synaptic bulb

71
Q

What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the synaptic bulbs?

A

1) Neurotransmitter is released
2) Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft
3) An action potential is induced in a neighboring neuron/cell

72
Q

Junction b/t neurons/cell

A

Synapse

MCAT Biology (7 decks)

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