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MCAT Biology > Nervous System Components > Flashcards

Nervous System Components Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons are linked together in a ___________.

A

Nerve net

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2
Q

Stimulation of a nerve net causes muscles to contract. What is this known as?

A

Reflex arc

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3
Q

Ganglion

A

Grouping of nerve cells

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4
Q

What is another term for ganglion?

A

Nucleus, Nuclei

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5
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Forebrain

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6
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Mid-Brain

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7
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Hind-Brain

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8
Q

CNS

A

Brain + Spinal Cord

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9
Q

PNS

A

Nerves extending outside spinal cord

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10
Q

Afferent Neuron

A

Carries information into CNS

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11
Q

Efferent Neuron

A

Carries information away from CNS

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12
Q

Name the subdivisions of the forebrain

A

1) Cerebrum
2) Thalmus (visual and auditory info)
3) Hypothalmus (visceral activities)

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13
Q

Describe the components of the cerebrum

A

1) L and R hemispheres (joined by corpus collosum)

2) The lobes: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal

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14
Q

What are the frontal lobes associated with?

A

movement and personality

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15
Q

What are the parietal lobes associated with?

A

touch and stretch sensation

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16
Q

What are the temporal lobes associated with?

A

hearing

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17
Q

Outer layer of the cerebrum.

A

Cerebral Cortex (covered in gray (unmyelinated axons))

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18
Q

White matter

A

1) Inside cerebral cortex

2) Myelinated axons

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19
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

20
Q

Anterior of Central Sulcus

A

Motor Cortex - assoc. with movement

21
Q

Posterior of Central Sulcus

A

Sensory Cortex - assoc. w/ senses =

22
Q

Homunculus

A

Sensory map of our entire body in our brain

23
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

receives info from hypothalamus and sends out this info. to regulate different parts of the body

24
Q

List the 4 components of the brainstem

A

1) Mid-Brain (detects movement and directs head/ eyes toward that movement)
2) Cerebellum (regulation and coordination of muscle acitivities)
3) Pons and Medulla (Visceral activites)
4) Reticular Formation (induces sleep, inhibits motor and sensory impulses)

25
Q

Extensor Muscle

A

1) a muscle whose contraction extends/straightens a part of the body
2) Monosynaptic Reflex Arc

26
Q

Monosynaptic Reflex Arc

A

one sensory neuron, one motor neuron

27
Q

Interneuron

A

transmits impulses b/t neurons

28
Q

Polysynaptic Reflex Arc

A

At lease two synaptic connections

29
Q

Flexor Muscle

A

1) bends/Flexes

2) Polysynaptic reflex arx

30
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

1) Efferent Division of PNS

2) Consists of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

31
Q

Where do the nerve fibers part of the parasympathetic nervous system leave from?

A

1) sacral part of the spinal cord
2) Mid-Brain (mesencephalon)
2) Medula (Part of the rhombencephalon)

32
Q

Parasympathetic nerve impulses increases _________ and decreases ________ and ________.

A

1) Digestion

2) HR, BP

33
Q

What happens to the pupils in the parasympathetic nervous system vs the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Pupils contract w/ parasympathetic nervous system and dilate with sympathetic nervous system.

34
Q

What are two main purposes of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

1) Conserving Energy

2) Restoring various bodily functions

35
Q

Discuss the nerve fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system.

A

1) Pre-ganglionic and Post-Ganglionic nerve cells - Both in PNS (only cell body is in CNS)
2) Post-ganglionic nerve are close to the organ they want to innervate
3) Pre-ganglionic fibers are much longer than and Post-Ganglionic fibers

36
Q

Which neurotransmitter do the Pre-ganglionic and Post-Ganglionic nerve cells in the parasympathetic nervous system release?

A

ACh

37
Q

What are nerve fibers that release ACh called?

A

Cholinergic nerve fibers

38
Q

Most Prominent/Abundant nerve in the parasympathetic division.

A

Vagus Nerve - innnervates most internal organs

39
Q

Where do sympathetic nerve fibers originate?

A

lumbar and thoracic portions of the spine

40
Q

What are various things the sympathetic nervous system does to the body when activated?

A

1) Increase HR, BP
2) Dilate Pupils
3) Decrease Digestive Functions

41
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system also known as?

A

“Fight or flight” system

42
Q

Describe the pre and post ganglionic nerve fibers of the parasympathetic division.

A

1) Pre-ganglionic and Post-Ganglionic nerve cells - Both in PNS (only cell body is in CNS)
2) Pre-ganglionic fibers are much shorter than Post-Ganglionic fibers (b/c ganglion is right outside of CNS, very close to cell body)
3) Pre-ganglionic nerve fibers release ACh
4) Post-ganglionic nerve fibers release norepinephrine
5) Some pre-ganglionic nerve fibers will directly release ACh w/o post-ganglionic nerve

43
Q

What are nerve fibers that release Norepinephrine/Adrenaline called?

A

Adrenergic nerve fibers

44
Q

Describe the spinal nerves that originate from the lower thoracic region of the spine and go to the adrenal medulla (region w/in adrenal glands).

A

1) One long pre-ganglionic nerve that releases ACh directly onto the ganglion in the adrenal medulla
2) Causes adrenal medulla gland to release two types of hormones into the bloodstream
3) NO Post-ganglionic nerve fibers

45
Q

Substances (i.e. epinephrine) released directly into the blood stream.

A

Hormones

46
Q

Compare and contrast Somatic Nervous System with Autonomic Nervous System.

A

Somatic Nervous System

a) Once nerve fibers leave CNS, a synapse is not made until it reaches the effector organ
b) Once effector organ is reached, ACh is released
c) Innervates skeletal muscle
d) Causes excitation of skeletal muscles

Autonomic nervous System

a) Once nerve fibers leave CNS, a synapse is made with a ganglion before another synapse is made at the target organ
c) Innervates glands, smooth, and cardiac muscle
d) Can be excitatory or inhibitory

MCAT Biology (7 decks)

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