Types of Tissue

Question 1

How can you go from an atom to an organism?

Answer 1

Atom->Molecule->Cell->Tissue->Organ->Organ System->Organism

Question 2

What are the different types of body systems

Answer 2

Cardiovascular (CV)
Respiratory
Endocrine
Nervous
Gastrointestinal (GI)
Urogenital (UG)
Musculoskeletal (MSK)
Integumentary
Lymphatic and Immune

Question 3

What are the five vital organs for human life and function?

Answer 3

Brain- coordination centre, neurones
Liver- detoxifies blood and keeps pH stable
Kidneys- filtration of blood
Lungs- maintains [oxygen] and breathing
Heart- pumps blood around the entire body

Question 4

What are the four main types of tissue in the human body?

Answer 4

Epithelial
Nervous
Muscular
Connective

Question 5

What are some of the features of epithelial tissue?

Answer 5

Highly cellular tissue that forms the covering of all body surfaces
Found in outer layer of skin, lining of body cavities, blood and lymph vessels
Protects exposed and internal surfaces from abrasion, dehydration and destruction by chemical or biological agents
They can proliferate to produce new cells when cells become damaged or worn
Secrete mucus to protect lining (as of goblet cells)

Question 6

How can epithelial tissue be described based on the cells in the tissue?

Answer 6

Cell shape:
Sqaumous – flattened cells whose width is greater than their height
Cuboidal – cells appear as high as they are wide; spherical nuclei centrally positioned
Columnar – cells whose height is greater than their width; oval nuclei positioned at the base of cells

Number of layers:
Simple – single layer of cells
Stratified – two or more layers of cells
Pseudostratified- when there is only one layer but it looks like two or more layers

Cell surfaces
Basal – nearest to basement membrane
Apical – nearest to lumen (free space)
Lateral – between adjacent cells

Question 7

What are the functions of epithelial cell?

Answer 7

Protection
Epithelial cells from the skinprotect underlying tissue from mechanical injury, harmful chemicals, invading bacteria and from excessive loss of water

Sensation
Sensory stimulipenetrate specialised epithelial cells. Specialised epithelial tissue containing sensory nerve endings is found in the skin, eyes, ears, nose and on the tongue

Secretion
In glands, epithelial tissue is specialised tosecrete specific chemical substancessuch as enzymes, hormones and lubricating fluids

Absorption
Certain epithelial cells lining the small intestineabsorb nutrients from the digestion of food

Excretion
Epithelial tissues in the kidneyexcrete waste products from the body and reabsorb needed materials from the urine.Sweatis also excreted from the body by epithelial cells in the sweat glands

Diffusion
Simple epitheliumpromotes the diffusion of gases, liquids and nutrients. Because they form such a thin lining, they are ideal for the diffusion of gases (eg. walls of capillaries and lungs)

Cleaning
Ciliated epithelium assists inremoving dust particles and foreign bodieswhich have entered the air passages

Reduces Friction
The smooth, tightly-interlocking, epithelial cells that line the entire circulatory systemreduce friction between the blood and the walls of the blood vessels

Question 8

How would you describe the epithelial tissue in the Bowman’s capsule – kidney?

Answer 8

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 9

How would you describe the epithelial tissue in the Ileum – small intestine?

Answer 9

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 10

How would you describe the epithelial tissue in the Oesophagus – Digestive system?

Answer 10

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question 11

What are some features of connective tissue?

Answer 11

Most abundant tissue within the body
Consists of cells and an extracellular matrix (ground substance and protein fibres)
Essentially connects the epithelial tissue to the rest of the body
Not normally exposed to the outside environment e.g., cartilage, tendons, fascia, blood

Question 12

What are some examples of the different types of connective tissue?

Answer 12

Tendon: Dense connective tissue
Blood: Fluid connective tissue
Cartilage: Supporting connective tissue

Question 13

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Answer 13

Protection of organs
Provision of structural framework for the body
Connection of body tissues
Connection of epithelial tissues to muscle
Nutritional support to epithelium
Repair of body tissues

Question 14

What are some general features of muscle tissue?

Answer 14

Specialised to contract and produce movement
Contains highly organised bundles of cells

Question 15

What are the three different types of muscle tissue?

Answer 15

Skeletal muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue

Question 16

What is the purpose of each different type of muscle tissue?

Answer 16

Skeletal muscle tissue: produces voluntary movement of the skeleton in the musculoskeletal system
Smooth muscle tissue: aids digestion and discretion in the gastrointestinal and urinary system
Cardiac muscle tissue: propels (pumps) blood throughout the body in the cardiovascular system

Question 17

What are the key characteristics of the skeletal muscle?

Answer 17

Primarily involved in locomotion
Also involved in maintaining posture
Under voluntary control
Cells are large, cylindrical and elongated
Often known as striated muscle due to the appearance of contractile proteins; have a striped appearance
Average adult male - 42%, average adult female - 36% skeletal muscle (total body weight)
Arranged in regular parallel bundles

Question 18

What are the key characteristics of the smooth muscle?

Answer 18

Lines structures including the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels
Primary function is to influence movement of material into, out of, and within the body
Involuntary muscle type
Non-striated – different arrangement of muscle cells compared to skeletal muscle

Question 19

What are the key characteristics of the cardiac muscle?

Answer 19

Cardiac muscle (myocardium), found only in the heart, not subject to voluntary control
Striated similar to skeletal muscle
While skeletal muscles are arranged in regular, parallel bundles, cardiac muscle use unique junctions called intercalated discs to link cells together

Question 20

Why are intercalated discs important?

Answer 20

Heart cells must beat in unison - intercalated discs allow calcium to regulate united beating

Question 21

What is the point of the nervous system?

Answer 21

Allows for rapid communication of information from one region of the body to another

Question 22

What is the nervous system comprised of?

Answer 22

Central nervous system (CNS) – brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – peripheral nerves and ganglia

Question 23

What is the ganglia in the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 23

Synaptic relay stations- neuronal bodies

Question 24

What are the different components of the nervous system, and what are their purposes?

Answer 24

Somatic nervous system – controls voluntary movements
Autonomic nervous system – regulates functions of internal organs
Sympathetic – fight or flight
Parasympathetic – regulates functions which don’t require quick response

Question 25

What cell type forms the nervous system?

Answer 25

Neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system (nerve cells)

Question 26

What is nervous tissue comprised off?

Answer 26

Nervous tissue is made up of different types of nerve cells, all of which having an axon, the long stem-like part of the cell that sends action potential signals to the next cell

Question 27

What are some functions of the nervous system?

Answer 27

Sensory input, integration, control of muscles and glands, homeostasis, and mental activity

Question 28

How can an organ be defined?

Answer 28

A collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function

Question 29

What are the components of an organ?

Answer 29

Main tissue
Parenchyma
“Sporadic” tissues

Question 30

What is the main tissue?

Answer 30

The main tissue is that which is unique for the specific organ, such as the specialized cells of the stomach

Question 31

What are some examples of sporadic tissue?

Answer 31

Sporadic tissues include the nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues

Question 32

What is a hollow organ?

Answer 32

A hollow organ is a visceral organ that forms a hollow tube or pouch, such as the stomach or intestine, or that includes a cavity, like the heart or urinary bladder