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Foundation Year MBChB > Body Systems: An Introduction > Flashcards

Body Systems: An Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells that all do the same job

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2
Q

What is a cell?

A

The smallest building block of the body

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3
Q

What is a body?

A

The whole organism

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4
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A set of organs that do one of the body’s main job

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5
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues that carry out a specific job

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6
Q

How can you go from an atom to an organism?

A

Atom –> Molecule –> Cell –> Tissue –> Organ –> Organ System –> Organism

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7
Q

What are the body systems?

A

Cardiovascular (CV)
Respiratory
Endocrine
Nervous
Gastrointestinal (GI)
Urogenital (UG)
Musculoskeletal (MSK)
Integumentary
Lymphatic and Immune

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8
Q

What are the main components of the cardiovascular (CV) system?

A

Heart, Blood and Blood vessels

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9
Q

What are the blood vessels in the cardiovascular (CV) system?

A

Arteries (carry blood away from heart)
Veins (carry blood towards heart)
Capillaries
Venules (carry blood away from heart)
Arterioles (carry blood towards heart)

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10
Q

What are the components of blood and their uses in the cardiovascular (CV) system?

A

Red blood cells: Oxygen transportation (Haemoglobin)
White blood cells: Immune defense
Platelets and clotting factors

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11
Q

What are the main functions of the cardiovascular (CV) system?

A

Transport of cells, gases, nutrients and waste products around the body
Helps maintain homeostasis and thermoregulation
Maintain fluid balance within body
Disease protection and healing (transportation of WBC throughout the body)

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12
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system?

A

Mouth
Nose: where air enters and is warmed, moistened, filtered, cleaned and smelled
Epiglottis
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lungs Bronchi

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13
Q

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

A

Main site for gas exchange
Pulmonary protection/defence
Acid-base balance
Phonation: speaking

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14
Q

How is the trachea kept open?

A

By chondrocytes, that form stiff rings of cartilage

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15
Q

What system does the respiratory system work with?

A

Cardiovascular system as to move oxygen in the blood around the body

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16
Q

What is the importance of the endocrine system?

A

The movement and regulation of hormones

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17
Q

What are the components of the endocrine system?

A

Pancreas
Glands (pituitary, pineal, thymus, adrenal, thyroid)
Reproductive Organs (ovaries, testis)

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18
Q

What is the function of the brain regarding the endocrine system?

A

Hormone regulation, more specifically in the hypothalamus (posterior hypothalamus)

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19
Q

What are the main functions of the endocrine system?

A

Maintain a stable environment within the body (homeostasis)
The hormones also help the body to regulate:
Growth
Sexual development
Metabolism
Sugar, salt and fluid levels in the blood

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20
Q

What does each gland in the endocrine system help to regulate?

A

Pituitary: Helps to regulate all the other glands
Pineal: Involved in producing melatonin (sleep)
Thyroid: Regulates body’s metabolism
Adrenal: Produces adrenaline to help with crisis
Pancreas: Produces insulin, helps to get energy from food
Ovary: Produces oestrogen and progesterone
Testes: Produces testosterone (a type of androgen)

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21
Q

What would the regulation of melatonin look like in its simplest form?

A

Hypothalamus–>Pancreas–>Pineal

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22
Q

What would occur if the hypothalamus or the pancreas were not functioning properly in the endocrine system?

A

The endocrine system would fail to function

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23
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

Brain, spinal cord, and a complex system of nerves that ar either myelinated or non-myelinated

24
Q

What systems can the nervous system be split into?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System

25
How can the nervous system control bodily functions?
By relying on signaling as when responding to stimuli
26
What functions does the sympathetic nervous system control?
Pupil dilation Inhibit salivation Relax airways Increases heartbeat Inhibit stomach activity Stimulate release of glucose Inhibit gallbladder Inhibit intestinal activity Secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine Relax bladder Promote ejaculation and vaginal contractions
27
What functions does the parasympathetic nervous system control?
Pupil constriction Stimulation of saliva Airway constriction Slows heartbeat Stimulates stomach activity Inhibits glucose release Stimulates gallbladder Stimulates intestinal activity Constricts bladder Promotes erection of genitals
28
What are the components of the CNS?
Brain (the medulla, the pons, the cerebellum, the midbrain, the diencephalon, and the cerebral hemispheres), brain stem and the spinal cord
29
What are the components of the PNS?
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves and their roots and branches, peripheral nerves, and neuromuscular junctions Everything outside of the brain and the spinal cord
30
What are the main functions and purposes of the nervous system?
Receiving, interpreting, processing and sending messages or signals to body Responds to external stimuli Control homeostasis and bodily functions Spinal cord is responsible for spinal reflexes Brain is responsible for higher level executive functioning and decision making
31
What are the main components of the gastrointestinal (digestive) system?
Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Intestines Pancreas Liver Gall bladder Rectum
32
What are the main functions and purposes of the gastrointestinal system?
Digest and break down food into small molecules via: Ingestion Secretion Digestion Absorption Excretion Waste products from digestion are excreted
33
What does the GI tract consist of and why?
Mouth, oesophagus, stomach and intestines These are the only organs that come into contact with food, as the rest are accessory organs
34
What are the salivary glands and what are their importance?
The salivary glands are the: parotid gland, sublingual gland and submandibular gland They secrete amylase in the mouth and so start the digestive system
35
What is the importance of bile in the GI system?
Bile is produced by the liver, so is not part of the GI tract- however it helps to breakdown fat
36
What happens during the process of secretion in the gastrointestinal system?
Hormones and the enzyme amylase are released by the cells
37
What are the main components of the urogenital (UG) system?
Kidneys Urinary bladder Ureters and Urethra Genitals (Ovaries and Testes)
38
What are the key functions of the urogenital system?
Responsible for the formation, storage and elimination of urine Removal of waste products of protein metabolism and other harmful substances Helps to control amounts of water and salts to help maintain the internal environment of the body Reproduction
39
What does the musculoskeletal (MSK) system consist of?
Bones Tendons (connect bones to muscles) Ligaments (connect bone to bone) Cartilage (protects and offers flexibility)
40
What are the main functions and purposes of the MSK system?
Muscles control all movements of the body tissues, organs and bones Skeletal system provides shape and support
40
How does cartilage offer protection?
Protects the bones from rubbing together which can lead to osteoarthritis
41
What are the main functions of the skeleton?
Movement Support Protection: protects internal organs Production of blood cells Storage and releasing of fats and minerals Endocrine regulation
42
How does the skeleton have a role un endocrine regulation?
Parathyroid hormone produces Ca (calcium) which is used by tissues in the UG and GI systems for homeostasis
43
What are the main functions of the muscles?
Overall, the muscles enable movement Skeletal muscle: maintains posture (voluntary) Cardiac muscle: involuntary control (e.g., heartbeat and blood circulation) Smooth muscle: involuntary movement (e.g., breathing and digestion)
44
What are the main components of the lymphatic system?
Bone marrow Spleen Thymus gland Lymph nodes Tonsils
45
What is the main purpose and function of the lymphatic system?
Filtrate foreign particles and and waste products from the tissues An extensive drainage network that helps keep bodily fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections
46
How does the lymphatic drainage system work?
There are lymphatic vessels Tissue fluid (lymph) leaks into lymphatic capillaries from the body tissue Lymphatic collecting vessels collect tissue fluid from lymph capillaries Carries lymph to and away from lymph nodes
47
What does the immune system consist of?
Cells and organs
48
What are the cellular components of the immune system?
Stem Cells B-Cells Cytotoxic T-Cells Helper T-Cells Plasma Cells Immunoglobulins Neutrophils Monocytes Red Blood Cells Platelets Dendritic Cells
49
What are the organ components of the immune system?
Thymus Liver Bone marrow Tonsils Lymph nodes Spleen Blood
50
What is the main purpose and function of the immune system?
Protect against pathogenic organisms Whole host of specialised cells that act to protect from pathogens to prevent infections
51
What are the two levels of defense that the immune system provides?
Innate (rapid) immunity Adaptive (slow) immunity
52
Which cells are apart of the innate response?
Mast cells Dendritic cells Macrophage Natural killer cell Basophil Neutrophil Eosinophil (Complement protein) Gamma delta T-cell Natural killer T-cell
53
Which cells are apart of the adaptive response?
Gamma delta T-cells Natural killer T-cells B-cells (produce antibodies) T-cell that produces CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells
54
What is a difference between the adaptive immune response and the innate immune response?
Innate response happens straight away, therefore not specific to a single pathogen- general cells to fight pathogen Adaptive response produces cells specific to the pathogen
55
What is a portal vein?
A vein that drains/carries blood from one capillary bed to another capillary bed

Foundation Year MBChB (28 decks)

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