Respiratory System Part 2 Flashcards
What are some examples of factors that affect the respiration rate of a person?
Air quality
Infection- as it will increase the rate
Activity level- more exertion therefore the respiratory rate increases
Emotional state- anxiety could increase the respiratory rate
Age: newborns have a higher respiratory rate as they have a smaller surface area
What are some examples of features that can affect lung health?
Smoking
Diseases: COPD and Asthma which is a chronic inflammatory disorder
Alcohol consumption: Sleep apnea, and alcohol consumption itself can be either a stimulant or suppressant
What are some initiatives being taken that will aim to help improve the air quality?
Electric buses and trains: decrease the carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases production
EV100: make all cars electric- date shifts back as to not rush infrastructure changes and finances
London Ultra Low Emission Zones: encourages public transport- fines £12.50 as when regulations aren’t met and generates money for London City Council
Why do deadlines for majority of the initiatives keep changing?
As to ease any changes to infrastructure, behaviour or industry
What can the respiratory system be divided into?
The upper and lower respiratory system
What are the components of the upper respiratory system?
Nose ,nasal passage ,paranasal sinuses, pharynx and portion of the larynx above the vocal cords
What are the components of the lower respiratory system?
Larynx below the vocal cords, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs
What are the main functions of the respiratory system?
Moves oxygen from the outside environment into the body
Removes carbon dioxide and water from the body
Lungs are the main site of gas exchange
Site of immune system reactions and functions- provides protection
Why do adults have a lower rate of respiration?
As they have a larger surface area to accommodate gas exchange by having a large number of alveoli
What is the mucociliary escalator?
Epithelium with many cilia
Why are cilia important in the respiratory system?
When breathing in, a person breathes in air with pathogens and some get stuck in the cilia “hairs”
The hairs move and so the person will cough up the pathogens with phlegm
How can the mucociliary epithelium be described?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What is the escalator effect regarding the mucociliary escalator?
The self-cleaning mechanism of the hairs moving the pathogens up as to move to mucus and then cough up
How does asthma affect the respiratory system?
Epithelium is all damaged and so leads to chronic inflammation
The patient will then proceed to cough more
What type of protection do the lungs provide?
Non-specific protection
What are the different types of respiration?
Breathing (water loss), or ventilation which is the exchange of air between the external environment and the alveoli
External respiration, which is the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between inhaled air and the blood
Internal respiration, which is the exchange of gases between the blood and tissue fluid and cells
Cellular respirations (either aerobic or anaerobic), which uses glucose to produce ATP
What other processes is the respiratory system essential for?
Regulation of blood pH, which occurs in co-ordination with the kidneys
Defence against pathogens
Control of body temperature due to loss of evaporate during expiration
What is cellular respiration?
The process by which the energy contained in organic molecules is made available for all of the active processes within a cell
Can be aerobic or anaerobic
What is the usual substrate for cellular respiration ,and can there be any others?
Glucose, however fats, amino acids and other substrates can be used
What is the store that the energy released is in?
ATP
Is oxygen needed for the process of cellular respiration to occur?
No as the process can aerobic or anaerobic
What are the four stages that aerobic respiration can be divided into?
Glycolysis (G)
The Link Reaction (LR)
Kreb’s Cycle (K)
The Electron Transfer Chain (ETC)
Where does glycolysis occur, what happens during this process and what are the conditions?
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Does not require oxygen
Glucose is converted into pyruvic acid
Hydrogen is removed and is passed to the electron carriers
Where does the Link Reaction occur, what happens during this process and what are the conditions?
Occurs in matrix of the mitochondria
Requires oxygen
Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, is decarboxylated, dehydrogenated and combines with coenzyme A to give acetyl coenzyme A
The hydrogen which is removed is passed to the electron carriers
Where does the Kreb’s Cycle occur, what happens during this process and what are the conditions?
Occurs in matrix of mitochondria
Requires oxygen
Cyclical series of reactions during which hydrogen is passed to the electron carriers, carbon dioxide is removed and the starting reagents are regenerated
Where does the Electron Transfer Chain occur, what happens during this process and what are the conditions?
Occurs in crista of inner membrane of mitochondria
Requires oxygen
The hydrogen from glycolysis and Krebs’ cycle is split to release electrons
These pass through carriers and generate ATP
The hydrogen reforms and combines with oxygen to form water
Could cells with little or no mitochondria be able to aerobically respire?
No
Where is water formed during aerobic respiration and what do we do?
Formed from ETC and is exhaled
Where else in aerobic respiration can ATP be formed?
From pyruvate
What are the overall products of the Kreb’s cycle?
ATP and carbon dioxide
Uses proteins and lipids
What would happen if there was no oxygen?
If oxygen is unavailable the Kreb’s cycle and electron transfer chain cannot operate.
However, even in anaerobic conditions, glycolysis occurs so reduced NAD still forms.
If glycolysis is to continue, the reduced NAD must be reoxidised, that is, the hydrogen must be removed and disposed of.
Anaerobic organisms have developed two ways of doing this
What are some example of anaerobic organisms?
Yeast and some types of bacteria
What happens in yeast during anaerobic respiration?
Pyruvate is decarboxylated to ethanal
Ethanal accepts the hydrogen from NADH to form ethanol, which release the NAD molecule to be re-used in glycolysis
The conversion of pyruvic acid to ethanol with the release of carbon dioxide is called alcoholic fermentation
What happens in mammals during anaerobic respiration?
The pyruvate accepts the hydrogen from NADH and is reduced to lactate
NAD is then available for use in glycolysis
If oxygen later becomes available, the lactate is reoxidised
Since anaerobic respiration only involves glycolysis, only the 2 ATP produced in glycolysis are formed
What does the body do in response to lactate production?
Body tries to gain oxygen to shift to aerobic respiration as lactate is toxic- causes cramps also
Causes an increase in the rate of respiration
Is aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration more efficient?
Aerobic respiration, as 4 ATP molecules are formed, with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules
What is anaerobic respiration in its simplest form?
Reactants: Glucose
Combustion: Incomplete
Energy yield: Low (2 ATP molecules)
Products: Animals–> lactic acid
Yeast–> ethanol and carbon dioxide
Location: Cytoplasm
Stages: Glycolysis and Fermentation
What is aerobic respiration in its simplest form?
Reactants: Glucose and Oxygen
Combustion: Complete
Energy yield: High (36-38 ATP molecules)
Products: Carbon dioxide and water
Location: Cytoplasm and Mitochondrion
Stages: Glycolysis, Link Reaction, Kreb’s Cycle and Electron Transfer Chain
