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Geology > Types of rocks > Flashcards

Types of rocks Flashcards

1
Q

Sedimentary Rocks

A

formed by fluids (air/water)

Only on the surface of the earth

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2
Q

Two groups

A
  • Clastics (pieces of rocks)

- Chemical/ Biogenic (organic compounds or fossilized microbes)

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3
Q

Material rocks come from

A

weathering (breaking up)

erosion (transport)

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4
Q

Weathering

A
  • breaking down material (exposed to the elements)
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5
Q

Erosion

A
  • plate tectonics

- base level (local or ocean)

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6
Q

Physical weathering

A
  • makes the rocks smaller (sledgehammer breaking apart the rock)
  • surface area of rocks (multiplies as it gets smaller)
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7
Q

Chemical weathering

A
  • alter the chemical composition

- Water is exposed to rocks gets transported to a different location

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8
Q

Types of weathering

A
  • Jointing (removing the surface or the pressure of rocks causes the rocks to fracture in crosshatching pattern) (physical)
  • Freeze-Thaw wedging (more water enters the cracks to expands more) (physical)
  • Root wedging (roots gets into the cracks and expands more) (physical)
  • Salt wedging (water dissolved in halite rocks) (chemical)
  • Dissolution (combination of physical and chemical combinations)
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9
Q

What breaks down first

A

edges (get rounded)
surfaces that are exposed
halite and olivine

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10
Q

Clastic sedimentary rock

A
  • getting pieces of rocks and glued together
  • clasts and “cement”
  • diagenesis (glues sentiments together)
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11
Q

Three categories of grain sizes

A
  • mud/silt
  • sand
  • gravel/pebble/cobbles
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12
Q

trends in size

A

source (mix and angler)

sink (well sorted and smooth)

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13
Q

maturity

A

changes chemically
immature (felsic and matic)
mature (same size and composition)

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14
Q

Large sedimentary rocks

A

anything larger than 2 mm

  • breccia (angler near mountains)
  • conglomerate (rounder near mountain streams)
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15
Q

Sand size

A

anything between 2-1/16 mm

  • Lithic (mixed composition and immature) (landslides)
  • Arkose ( mix of 2 or 3 materials pink potassium feldspar) (Alluvial fans)
  • Quartz (only one mineral and mature) (can be red from iron or other red minerals) (beaches)
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16
Q

Fine grained

A

less than 1/16 mm (flood deposits or lakes)

  • mud stone
  • shale
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17
Q

Chemical sedimentary (evaporates)

A

formed from evaporation

- salts (halite, gypsum)

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18
Q

Biochemical sedimentary

A

formed from animal shells

  • pelagic ooze (calcite, quartz)
  • pelagic (limestone (tropic and mid latitude))
  • Siliceous (chert-quartz (polar))
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19
Q

What happens when water gets cooler

A

hold more CO2 causing carbolic acid

- will dissolve calcite

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20
Q

Limestone

A

warmer oceans

shallow waters

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21
Q

Chert

A

Quartz/silica

  • cold polar areas
  • high acid
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22
Q

Coal and oil shale

A

organic carbon

  • swampy
  • near a coast line
  • warm
  • high amount of organic matter
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23
Q

Biogenic Fossils

A

preserve structures
imprints
petrified wood

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24
Q

Bedding and Stratification

A 
form in layers
Grand canyon (strati-graphic)
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25
Q

Stratigraphy (original horizontal)

A

states that sediment is deposited in a layer that is horizontal and parallel to Earth’s surface

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26
Q

Stratigraphy (superposition)

A

states that in any sequence of strata, the order of deposition is from the bottom to top

27
Q

Stratigraphy (lateral continuity

A

states that a layer of sediment will extend horizontally as far as it was carried, thinning laterally

28
Q

Stratigraphic (correlation)

A

is the determination of equivalence in age of the secession of strata found in tow of more different areas

29
Q

Cross-cutting relationships

A

states that and geologic feature must be older than any feature that cuts into

30
Q

cross bedding

A

sand moves up and down to form a new layer which causes a wedge shape in the direction of water or wind when looking at a cross section

  • 20 degrees of less by water
  • 20 degrees or more by wind
31
Q

Ripples and dunes

A

ripples
- small (maybe a foot high)
- shape shows direction
- asymmetrical (unidirectional) moving in one direction (in river settings)
- symmetrical (bidirectional) moving back and forth (in tidal regions or coast lines)
dunes
-large (2/3 the high of the flow)

32
Q

Mud-cracks

A

shows that it a wet and dry environment (wet then dries extremely fast)

33
Q

Glacial Environments

A

no rounding

no souring

34
Q

Mountain streams Environments

A

big rocks

rounding

35
Q

Alluvial fans Environments

A

prone to landslides

36
Q

Desert

A

sand stones

37
Q

River

A

sandstone and mud stone

38
Q

Lake

A

mud stone deposits
white (winter)
black (summer)

39
Q

Coastal

A

quarts sandstone

40
Q

Marine Delta

A

Chert and limestone

41
Q

Sedimentary basins

A

the rock form in low basin areas with water

42
Q

Metamorphic

A
  • pre-existing rock
  • change by pressure and temperature
  • causes physical and/or chemical change
  • compression and shear
  • hot water
43
Q

Protoliths

A

first rock

- what we started out before pressure and temp.

44
Q

Recrystallization

A

making the crystals grow bigger (start and end with the same mineral)

45
Q

Phase Change

A

Rearranging the atoms in the crystals (Start and end with different minerals)

46
Q

Neocrystallization

A

change the texture

47
Q

Plastic Deformation

A
  • can be squished or stretched
  • add deferential stress
  • tells the pressure to the stress and forms perpendicular
48
Q

Shear

A

applying the stress in different direction in pulling

49
Q

Preferred orientation

A 
equant grains (the shaped doesn't change)
inequant grains (the pressure is differential and perpendicular)
50
Q

Foliation

A

the differential pressure aligns to the pressure that forms a linear pattern

51
Q

non-foliated

A

all grains are equal size or change shape

52
Q

foliated

A

the grains are uneven size and grew in shape

53
Q

Blueshist

A

subduction

- rapped rise in pressure and slow rise in temp

54
Q

Mountain belt

A

collision

- steady rise in pressure and temp

55
Q

Contact

A

Intrusions

- rapped rise in temp and slow rise in pressure

56
Q

Index minerals

A

helps map out certain temp and pressure

57
Q

Pro-grade metamorphism

A

increase pressure and temp.

58
Q

Retrograde metamorphism

A

decrease pressure and temp.

59
Q

Hydrothermal

A

rocks goes into ground and heats up the water and hot water rises and reacts with the rocks

60
Q

Burial metamorphism

A

large deposition systems sand turning into sandstone and lastly quartzite

61
Q

Contact

A

either small or large alteration
closer to the heat source going to have higher grade metamorphism
far away from heat source going to have low grade metamorphism

62
Q

Dynamic

A

driven by motion and plate tectonics

- boudings (point show the motion of alteration)

63
Q

Shock

A

metier impact

either small or large

Geology (6 decks)

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