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Geology > Fossil Fuel > Flashcards

Fossil Fuel Flashcards

1
Q

What is force applied over a distance

A 
w= f*m*g
work
force
mass
gravity
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2
Q

power

A

rate of which work is done

p=w/t

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3
Q

Newton

A

force needed to accelerate 1 kg 1 meter per second

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4
Q

Joule

A

amount of work done when a force of 1 newton is exerted over 1 meter

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5
Q

watt

A

one joule per second

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6
Q

The average American home uses

A

11,000 KWatt-hours of energy each year

southwest is 15,000 KWatt-hour

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7
Q

5 major sources of energy

A
  • solar (17% of light on the surface)
  • gravity (potential gravity)
  • Photosynthesis (sugars and bio-fuels)
  • Chemical Bonds (chemical reaction produce heat)
  • Nuclear Fission
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8
Q

Renewable

A

replenishes it-selves faster than you use it

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9
Q

Nonrenewable

A

withdrawn faster that is can be replenished

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10
Q

Fossil fuels

A

Buried combustible geological deposits of organic matter, derived from decaying plant and animals (organic matter by photosynthesis)

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11
Q

Anoxic

A

low or no oxygen to prevent decay

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12
Q

Heat organic matter

A
  • Natural fuels (3 to 9 km and 75-225 degrees c)

- Oil (4-6 km and 100-150 degrees c)

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13
Q

Density Values

A
  • crude oil (893 kg/m^3)
  • Water (1,000 kg/m^3)
  • Rock 2,600 kg/m^3)
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14
Q

Petroleum Reservoir

A

another name for aquifer but for oil and natural gas

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15
Q

Trap/seal

A

another name aquitard

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16
Q

ideal oil deposit

A
  • hydrocarbon (organic rich)
  • low oxygen/ anoxic
  • right p/t
  • reservoir
  • cap/seal
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17
Q

Hydrocarbon systems

A
  • oil and gas preservation is geologically rare
  • a known supply of oil is called an oil reserve
  • oil reserves are geographically limited
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18
Q

Seismic reflection

A

tell by sound waves to determine what material is the sound going through

19
Q

Vertical drilling

A

30-40% of oil

20
Q

Directional drilling

A

little over 40% of oil

21
Q

how to get oil out

A

3 to 1

water to oil

22
Q

fracking

A

breaks the aquitard to release the oil in the rock

23
Q

Primary recovery

A
  • uses reservoir fluid pressure and pumping to extract oil

- Can only recover ~30% of the oil

24
Q

Secondary Recovery

A
  • uses fluid (steam, CO2) to heat, “thin,” and push oil
  • Hydraulic fracturing-artificially increases permeability
  • Can only recover an additional ~20% of the oil
25
Q

Transport

A
  • using train
  • using tankers
  • pipelines
26
Q

Oil production

A
  • Crude oil must be refined
  • Crude oil is distilled into separate mixtures by weight
  • Lighter molecules rise to the top of distillation columns
  • Heavier molecules remain at the bottom
27
Q

Past historical record in CO2

A

between 190-300 ppm

28
Q

Now record in CO2

A

414 ppm

29
Q

Rising temperatures

A

average surface temperatures (both land and ocean) have risen by about 1.1 C in the past 100 years

30
Q

The nothern pole

A

has risen 36 degrees in the past 20 years

31
Q

Not everything warming at the smae rate

A

In, the US, temperatures in most areas have risen by more than 1 full degree Fahrenheit in just the past two decades

32
Q

Precipitation is also changing

A

A warmer atmosphere speeds evaporation and holds more water vapor- precipitation increased by 2% over the past century

33
Q

Extreme weather is becoming “the new normal”

A
  • Insurers have recorded a 50% increase in losses from extreme weather in South America, a doubling of losses in Europe, and even higher rates across the rate of the world
  • A 2012 study revealed a potential explanation for the increase in extreme weather
  • Warming have been greatest in the Artic, weakening the intensity of the Northern Hemisphere’s polar jet stream
34
Q

how much is lost in 40 years

A

over 2,000 cubic miles lost

35
Q

How much of the ocean has increased

A

24 cm

36
Q

What dose CO2 cause our ocean to so

A

the oceans are becoming acidic and causing the limestone and calcium levels to drop

37
Q

Growing seasons are changing

A

in 19 days over 60 years

38
Q

Anthropogenic Role in Global Climate Change

A
  • By reconstructing past climates, scientists are trying to determine the range of natural climate variability
  • We know it will change, but lack a clear view of how and at what rate
  • Burning fossil fules, people have begun a great geochemical experiment
39
Q

Predicted to rise in US

A

1.7-5.6 C by the end of the centry, depending on how quickly emissions are reduced

40
Q

Climate Chnage affects society

A
  • Moderate warming may increase agricultural output in some temperate areas, but increased droughts will diminish yields in for many
  • Increased CO2 may spur higher timber growth, but warming temperatures also increase the rates of invasive species, firs, and disease outbreak
41
Q

Impacts vary by region

A

in the arctic, ice sheets are melting, sea ice is thinning, stoms are increasing, and native people and animals are having more difficulty hunting

42
Q

The IPPC Provides Data to Policy Makers

A
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change of IPPC: an international group of scientists and governmental representatives from 130 countries formed to review the scientific evidence for climate change
  • The 2007 report stated that there is a 90% probability that the observed climate changes are the result of human activities
  • The report project warming of 1-6 C by 2100 with the best estimate being 2-4 C
  • For perspective, there has only been a 5 C rise since the last ice age 20,000 years ago
43
Q

Adaptation

A

pursues strategies to cushion ourselves from the impacts of climate change

44
Q

U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement

A

“meet or Beet” have already been taken on local government levels.

Geology (6 decks)

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