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Geology > Format of the earth > Flashcards

Format of the earth Flashcards

1
Q

Deep time

A

Earth’s entire history

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2
Q

Catastrophism

A

the view of the hypothesis that major features of earth or major earth events are the results of catastrophic events
- meter crater
-

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3
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

The view or hypothesis that the earth’s features and history are derived from slow and continuous features

  • gradual passive span
  • Grand Canyon
  • The present is key to the past
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4
Q

Quantitative

A

means by number

- 25 years old

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5
Q

Qualitative

A

not using numbers

- I am younger than my mom

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6
Q

Geochronology

A

The study of determining the age of rocks, fossils, and sediments using signatures inherent to the rocks themselves

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7
Q

Stratigraphy

A

the layering of rocks in earth’s history

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8
Q

Cross-cutting relationships

A

the order of events depends on how many layers it cuts through or breaks apart

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9
Q

Inclusion

A

Igneous intrusions of stills squeeze between layers causing the rocks to jump years in age

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10
Q

Fossil succession

A

90% of the living materials on earth have already passed away; this helps give a timeline of how old the rocks are.

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11
Q

Unconformities

A

missing time

  • uneven surface
  • the change in the angles of the rocks( angular unconformities)
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12
Q

Nonconformities

A

Igneous or metamorphic rocks under sedimentary rocks

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13
Q

Stratigraphic correlation

A

Find rocks the correlated from one side to the other and which layers have disappeared over time.

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14
Q

Geological map

A

helps identify which rocks formed in certain areas

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15
Q

Quantitative (radiometric dating)

A

collecting samples to give estimates of age chemically (Igneous)

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16
Q

half-lives

A

the probability of how fast it will decay

- how long it takes 1/2 parents to forms into daughter

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17
Q

Other dating techniques

A
  • tree rings
  • fish growth ring through ears
  • magnetic poll
  • ## fission traces
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18
Q

how do we get the age of the earth?

A

By dating rocks

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19
Q

How much water is on the earth

A

75%

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20
Q

Water is important to keep the average tempature

A
  • earth with water 67 degrees F 24/7

- earth without water 253 degrees F day and -387 degrees F at night

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21
Q

Diversity of landscapes

A

water flow helps shapes the land

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22
Q

How can life as we know it survive?

A

water is the bases of all known living organisms

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23
Q

What drives the hydro-logical cycle?

A 
the sun helps with evaporation
condensation
precipitation
Transpiration
surface runoff infiltration
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24
Q

Surface water includes

A
  • biosphere
  • soil moisture
  • surface fresh water
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25
Q

Stream and rivers

A

concentrated flow of water in channels

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26
Q

Runoff

A

sheet-like flow over the land surface

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27
Q

stream-flow

A
  • drinking
  • irrigation
  • Industrial use
  • Transportation
  • Recreation
  • Aesthetics
  • Energy
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28
Q

sheet flow

A

a large blanket of water on the surface mainly moving due to gravity to a flat surface

29
Q

Water shed

A

defined from high points to lower points

30
Q

Channelization

A

preferred path ways tend to be deeper and steeper (water moves faster)

31
Q

Tributaries

A

a tree like structure that leads to a trunk stream (which is a stream or river)

32
Q

Drainage basin (water shed)

A
  • land areas draining into a trunk stream or body of water

- Ridges and peaks separate drainage basins

33
Q

Drainage basin (water shed)

A
  • land areas draining into a trunk stream or body of water

- Ridges and peaks separate drainage basins

34
Q

Drainage Divides

A
  • watersheds exist at multiple scales
  • large watersheds contain many smaller watersheds
  • Continental divide separate drainage that flow to different water bodies
35
Q

Drainage networks

A
  • Dendrite (branching or tree-like)
  • Common in regions of uniform materials
  • Radial draining in all direction away from a point
  • found at the perimeter of a high region of feature
  • rectangular (channels aligned primarily in two directions)
  • common in gently sloped areas of orthogonality jointed rocks
  • Trellis (trunks streams flow through resistant rocks, tributaries flow between ridges
  • common where surface alternates between erodible and resistant materials
36
Q

Perennial

A

all the time

  • humid or temperate climate (sufficient rainfall and lower evaporation)
  • at or below water table
37
Q

Ephemeral

A

when rain and snow hits the area

  • dry climates (low rainfall and high evaporation)
  • above the water table
38
Q

Hyporheic zone

A
  • water in zone moves in the same direction as stream

- travels at a lower velocity than stream water

39
Q

water on the ground

A
  • average channel with and depth
  • channel gradient
  • Average water velocity
  • Discharge
  • sediment load
40
Q

Discharge (Q)

A

the volume of water passing at a point per unit per sec
Q=V*A
V= velocity
A= area

41
Q

Wetted perimeter

A

the amount of water touching the rocks

42
Q

Thalweg

A

the deepest part of the river also the fastest part of the river
- larger grains move

43
Q

Rivers rely on energy

A 
flowing water is from mass and gravity
potential energy (PE) to kinetic energy (KE)
44
Q

Gradient

A

another name for slope (rise/run)

45
Q

Erosion Processes

A
  • scouring (water picks up and moves sediment)

- breaking and lifting (rapidly moving water)

46
Q

Alluvial sediment

A

general term form sediment deposited by moving water

47
Q

Fluvial sediment

A

sediment on or deposited by a river system

48
Q

Longitudinal changes

A
  • near source ( gradient is steep, Discharge is low, sediment are course, channels are often straight)
  • near the sink (gradient is flat, discharge is high, sedimentation are fine, channels curve and twist)
49
Q

Base level

A
  • ultimate base level is sea level
  • streams cannot erode below sea level
  • a lake is a local or temporary base level
  • resistant rock on the river bottom may define the local base level
  • changes in sea level, or tectonic uplift or subsidence, will change base level
50
Q

Valleys

A

are v shaped

51
Q

Canyons

A

are vertical shaped

52
Q

Braided stream

A

multiple threads of streams

high sediments and quick erosions

53
Q

Meandering streams

A

loop around like a snake
higher vegetation and higher rain fall
become more curved during time

54
Q

Groundwater

A

water contained under the grounds in the spaces of cracks in the rocks

55
Q

Hydrogeology

A

study of ground water

56
Q

Infiltration

A

when it rains the water seeps into the ground it gets stored in aquifers

57
Q

Porosity

A

a measure o flow much of a rock is open space. This space can be between grains or within cracks or cavities of the rocks (space open)

58
Q

Permeability

A

A measure of the ease with which a fluid (water in this case) can move through a porous rocks (Connection between the pore spaces)

59
Q

What effects the groundwater usage

A

sorting ( how much water we can get in the porosity)
cementation (tightly cemented together means less water)
anisotrapy (prefer to a line in one direction)

60
Q

Aquifer

A

sediment or rock that transmits water easily

61
Q

Aquitard

A

sediment or rock that hinders water flow

62
Q

Levels in aquifer may very

A

depends on climate and topography

63
Q

hydraulic head

A

varies on water pressure

64
Q

Rechargre area

A
  • flow is directed downward

- commonly found in topographic uplands

65
Q

discharge area

A
  • flow is directed upward

- usually observed in topographic low

66
Q

Darcy’s law

A

an equation that predicts the volume of water passing through an area of an aquifer at an given time (Q=KiA)

67
Q

ground water moves very slow

A

feet/year
feet/ decade
slower than plate tectonics

68
Q

local

A

shallow flow over short times and distances

69
Q

Intermediate

A

flow of moderate depth, time, and distance

Geology (6 decks)

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