Types Of Memory Flashcards
Coding
Making mental representations of information so that it can be placed into our memories
Memory
Ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding, storing, and retrieving.
Storing
Process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent mental storage for later recall
Retrieving
Process of getting or recalling information that has been placed into short term memory or long term memory
Sensory memory
Initial process that receives and holds environmental information in its raw form for a brief period of time
Short term memory ( working memory)
Another process that hold only limited amount of information for a short period of time
Long term memory
Process of storing almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time
Iconic memory
Form of sensory memory that automatically holds visual information for about a quarter of a second or more as soon as you shift your attention the information disappears
Echoic memory
Form of sensory memory that hold auditory information for 1 or 2 seconds
Maintenance rehearsal
Practice of intentionally repeating or rehearsing information so that it remains longer in the short term memory
Inference
When new information enters short term Emory and overwrites or pushes out information that is already there
Chunking
Combining separate items of information into chunks and then remembering chunks of information rather then individual items
Primacy effect
Better recall of information presented at the beginning of a task
Regency effect
Better recall of information presented at the end of a task
Primacy recency effect
Better recall of information presented at the beginning and end of a task
Declarative memory
Memory for facts and events such as scenes, stories, words, conversations, faces, or daily events
Semantic memory
A type of decorative memory and involves knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions, and language
Episodic memory
A type of declarative memory and involves knowledge of specific events, personal experiences, or activities, such as naming or describing favorite restaurants, movies, songs, habits, or hobbies
Procedural memory ( non declarative memory)
Involves memories for motor skills, some cognitive skills, and emotional behavior’s learned through classical conditioning. We cannot recall or retrieve procedural memories
Effortful encoding
Involves the transfer of information from short term memory into long term memory by working hard to repeat or rehearse the information or, especially, by making associations between new and old information
Maintenance rehearsal
Simply repeating or rehearing the information rather than forming any new associations
Elaborating rehearsal
Involves using effort to actively making meaningful associations between new information that you wish to remember and old or familiar information that is already stored in long term memory
Levels of processing theory
Remembering depends on how information is encoded. If you encode by paying attention only to basic features information is encoded at a shallow level and results in poor recall. If you encode by making new associations this information will be encoded at a deeper level, which results in better recall
Repression
Process by which the mind pushes a memory of some threatening or traumatic even deep into the unconscious
Eidetic memory
Form of photographic memory that occurs in children, is the ability to examine a procure or page for 10-30 seconds and then for several minutes hold in ones mind a detailed visual image for the material
Flashbulb memories
Vivid recollections, usually in great detail, or dramatic or emotionally charged incidents that are of interest to the person
