Thoughts and language

Question 0

Thinking

Answer 0

Sometimes referred to as reasoning, involves mental processes tat are used to form concepts, solve problems, and engage in creative activities

Question 1

Cognitive approach

Answer 1

One method of studying how we process, store, and use information and how this information, in turn, influences what we notice, perceive, learn, remember, believe, and feel

Question 2

Language

Answer 2

Special form of communication in which we learn and use complex rules to form and manipulate symbols that are used to generate an endless number of meaningful sentences

Question 3

Definition theory

Answer 3

You form a concept of an object, event, animal, or person by making a mental list of the actual or essential characteristics of that particular thing

Question 4

Prototype theory

Answer 4

You form a concept by creating a mental image that is based on the average characteristics of an object

Question 5

Problem solving

Answer 5

Searching for some rule, plan, or strategy that results in our reaching a certain goal that is currently out of reach

Question 6

Algorithms

Answer 6

Find set of rules that, if followed correctly, will eventually lead to a solution

Question 7

Heuristics

Answer 7

Rules of thumb, or clever and creative mental shortcuts, that reduce the number of operations and allow one to solve problems more easily and quickly

Question 8

Availability heuristics

Answer 8

That we rely on information that is more prominent or easily recalled and overlook other information that is available but less prominent or notable

Question 9

Functioned fixed ness

Answer 9

A mental set that is characterized by the inability to see an object as having a function different from its usual one

Question 10

Analogy

Answer 10

A strategy for finding a similarity between the new situation and an old, familiar situation

Question 11

Subgoals

Answer 11

A strategy that involves breaking down the overall problem into separate parts that, when completed in oder, will result in solution

Question 12

Creative thinking

Answer 12

Combination of flexibility in thinking or reorganizing of understanding to produce innovative ideas and new or novel solutions

Question 13

Creative individual

Answer 13

Someone who regularly solves problems, fashions, products, or defines new questions that make an impact on his or her society

Question 14

Convergent thinking

Answer 14

Beginning with a problem and coming up with a single correct solution

Question 15

Divergent thinking

Answer 15

Beginning with a problem and coming up with many different solutions

Question 16

Savant

Answer 16

About 10% of autistic individuals who show some incredible memory, music, or drawing talent

Question 17

Word

Answer 17

Arbitrary pairing between a sound or symbol and a meaning

Question 18

Grammar ( syntax)

Answer 18

Set of rules that specifies how we combine words to form meaningful phrases and sentences

Question 19

Phonology

Answer 19

Specifies how we make sounds that are used by a particular language

Question 20

Phonemes

Answer 20

Basic sounds of consonants and vowels

Question 21

Morphology

Answer 21

System tap hat we use to group phonemes into meaningful combinations of sounds and words

Question 22

Morpheme

Answer 22

Smallest meaningful combination of sounds in a language

Question 23

Surface structure

Answer 23

An actual wording of a sentence, as it is spoken

Question 24

Deep structure

Answer 24

An underlying meaning that is not spoken but is present in the mind of the listener

Question 25

Transformational rules

Answer 25

Procedures by which we convert our ideas from surface structures into deep structures and from deep structures back into surface ones

Question 26

Chomsky’s theory of language

Answer 26

All languages share a common universal grammar and that children inherit a mental program to learn this universal grammar

Question 27

Babbling

Answer 27

Begins at 6 months, first stage in acquiring language

Question 28

Single words

Answer 28

Second stage in acquiring language, occurs at about 1 and infants say single words

Question 29

Parentese (motherese)

Answer 29

A way of speaking to young children in which the adults speaks in a slower and higher then normal voice

Question 30

Two word combinations

Answer 30

Third stage in acquiring language occurs at about 2. Strings of two words express various actions

Question 31

Sentences

Answer 31

Fourth stage of acquiring language, occur at about 4. Sentences range from 3 to 8 words in length and indicated a growing knowledge the rules of grammar

Question 32

Telegraphic speech

Answer 32

Distinctive pattern of speaking in which the child omits articles (the), prepositions, (in, out), and parts of verbs

Question 33

Basic rules of grammar

Answer 33

Rules of combining nouns, verbs, and adjectives to form meaningful sentences

Question 34

Over generalization

Answer 34

Applying grammatical rule to cases where it should not be used

Question 35

Innate language factors

Answer 35

genetically programmed physiological and neurological features that facilitate our making speech sounds and acquiring language skill

Question 36

Environmental language factors

Answer 36

Interactions children have with parent, peers, teachers, and others who provide feedback that rewards and encourages language development

Question 37

Social cognitive learning

Answer 37

The acquisition of language skills rough social interactions

Question 38

Dyslexia

Answer 38

Reading, spelling, and writing difficulties

Question 39

Deductive reasoning

Answer 39

Making general assumption and then drawing specific conclusions based on these assumptions

Question 40

Inductive reasoning

Answer 40

Making particular observations that you then use to draw a broader conclusion

Question 41

Theory of linguistic relativity

Answer 41

The differences among languages results in similar differences in how people think and perceive the world