Operant And Cognitive Approaches Flashcards
Operant response
Response that can be modified by its consequences and is a meaningful unit of ongoing behavior that can be easily measured
Operant conditioning
Kings of learning in which a human performs some behavior and the following consequence ( reward or punishment) increases or decreases the chance that the behavior will be preformed again
Reinforcement
Consequence that occurs after a behavior and increases the chance that it will occur again
Punishment
Consequence that occurs after a behavior and decrease the chance of the behavior occurring again
Pics
Behavioral order, involving eating inedible objects or unhealthy substances
Positive reinforcement
The presentation that a stimulus that increases the probability that a behavior will occur
Negative reinforcement
Refers to an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus whose removal increases the likelihood that the preceding response will occur again
Positive punishment
Presenting an aversive ( unpleasant) stimulus after a response
Negative punishment
Removing a reinforcing stimulus after a response
Schedule of reinforcement
A rule that determines how and when the occurrence of a response will be followed by a reinforcer
Cumulative record
Continuous written record that shows an animals or humans individual responses and reinforcements
Continuous reinforcement
Every occurrence of the operant response results in delivery of the reinforcer
Partial reinforcer
A situation in which responding is reinforced only some of the time
Fixed ratio schedule
A reinforcer occurs only after number of responses are made by the subject
Variable ratio schedule
A reinforcer is delivered after an average number of correct responses has occurred
Fixed interval schedule
Reinforcer occurs following the first response that occurs after a fixed interval of time
Variable interval schedule
A reinforcer occurs following the first correct response after an averaged amount of time has passed
Cognitive learning
Mental processes, such as attention and memory, it may be learned through observation or imitation and it may not involve any external rewards or require a person to preform any observable behavior’s
Cognitive map
Mental representation in the brain of the layout of an environment and its feature
Social cognitive learning
Results from watching, imitating, and modeling and does not require the observer to preform any observable behavior or receive any observable reward
Learning performance distinction
Learning may occur but may not always be measured by or immediately evident in performance
Social cognitive theory
The importance of observation, imitation, and self reward in the development and learning of social skills, personal interactions, and many other behavior’s
Insight
Sudden and expected solution to a problem
Biological factors
Innate tendencies or predispositions that may either facilitate or inhibit certain kinds of learning
Ethnologists
Behavioral biologist who observe and study animals behavior in the animals natural habitat
Imprinting
Inherited tendencies that are displayed by newborn animals when they encounter certain stimuli in their environment
Critical or sensitive period
Relatively brief time during which learning is most likely to occur
Behavior modification
Treatment or therapy that changes problems or undesirable behavior by using principles of learning based on operant conditioning, classical, and social cognitive conditioning
Biofeedback
Training procedure through which a person is made aware of his or her physiological responses
