types of LTM

Question 1

what are the 3 different types of LTM:

Answer 1

• semantic
• episodic
• procedural

Question 2

what are declarative memories?

Answer 2

• consciously recalled and can be put into words
• semantic
• episodic

Question 3

what is semantic memory?

Answer 3

• facts, meanings, concepts and knowledge about the world
• a bike has two wheels, the sky is blue

Question 4

what is episodic memory?

Answer 4

• memories of experiences/ specific events
• the last time i rode a bike i…

Question 5

what is a non- declarative memory?

Answer 5

• cant be consciously recalled and is difficult to put into words
• procedural

Question 6

what is a procedural memory?

Answer 6

• unconscious memory of skills aka muscle memory
• riding a bike/ driving a car

Question 7

characteristics of episodic memory:

Answer 7

• time stamped memories
• recalled consciously
• autobiographical
• easiest memories to forget
• 1st coding in the prefrontal cortex, stored across brain connected by hippocampus

Question 8

characteristics of procedural memory:

Answer 8

• non-declarative
• not time stamped (usually learnt in childhood)
• not recalled consciously
• not autobiographical
• hard to forget
• the more you practice the better you are
• motor cortex and cerebellum

Question 9

characteristics of semantic memory:

Answer 9

• declarative
• not time stamped
• not recalled consciously
• not autobiographical
• hard to forget
• how deeply processed influences strength
• parahippocampal cortex

Question 10

Evaluative research: Vargha- Khadem (1997) 3 patients w/ damage to hippocampus

Answer 10

• damage to hippocampus, but no damage to nearby hippocampal cortices
• 3 had very diff episodic amnesia
• all able to go to school, speak and recall semantic info at a level just below avg. for their age
• semantic memory is less reliant on hippocampus than episodic memory
• semantic and episodic memories in different brain regions

Question 11

Evaluative research: Clive Wearing

Answer 11

• has retrograde amnesia= cant remember episodic memory, but remembers semantic
• he plays piano= procedural
• unable to encode new episodic or semantic memories= anterograde amnesia
• can gain new procedural through repetition
• all 3 types exist as separate processes
• likely related to damage to a specific area of his brain

Question 12

Evaluations: limitation, hard to generalise findings

Answer 12

• the use of idiographic research like Clives= study memory in a way that would be impossible
• hard to generalise findings w/ 1-3 pp
• could be other unknown issues unique to the individual causing the behaviour

Question 13

Evaluations: strength, modern brain tech= more depth in research

Answer 13

• using modern cognitive neuroscience brain scanning techniques= brain study more scientifically
• fMRIs= show where is active when
• ideas gained by idiographic case studies via nomothetic methods
• healthy samples= generalisations

Question 14

Evaluations: limitation, similarity= may not be as distinct

Answer 14

• episodic and semantic= declarative
• episodic may become semantic over time
• link between semantic and procedural= can produce auto lang, using semantic concepts without having to recall the detail of every semantic idea