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Psychology- memory P1 > multi- store model of memory > Flashcards

multi- store model of memory Flashcards

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1
Q

who was it created by?

A

Atkinson and Shiffren (1968)

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2
Q

The 3 MSM stores?

A

-

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3
Q

what is coding?

A
  • the different information types/formats the brain uses to store memory
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4
Q

what is duration?

A
  • how long information can be held by a store
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5
Q

what is capacity?

A
  • how much information can be held in a store before it is lost
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6
Q

what is the sensory register?

A
  • sensory info coming from the senses is detected and recorded automatically
  • all info in STM and LTM is initially gathered by the sensory register
  • info passed to the STM by paying attention
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7
Q

coding of the sensory store:

A
  • store depends on the sense that the organ that the information comes from
  • iconic: vision
  • echoic: sound
  • haptic: touch
  • it is modality specific
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8
Q

capacity of sensory register:

A
  • very large
  • has to contain all the sensory info for everything in that moment
  • only info that is paid attention to gets passed onto the STM
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9
Q

duration of the sensory register:

A
  • very short
  • low as 250 milliseconds
  • bc so much info is held it cant be retained for very long
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10
Q

what is the short term memory?

A
  • receives info from the sensory register by paying attention
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11
Q

how does info from STM get passed to and from the LTM?

A
  • through rehearsal
  • maintenance
  • elaborative
  • info is passed back from the LTM with retrieval
  • info can be lost by displacement or decay
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12
Q

what is maintenance rehearsal?

A
  • repeating the info
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13
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal?

A
  • linking the info to info that is already in the LTM
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14
Q

coding of the STM:

A
  • info stored acoustically
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15
Q

capacity of the STM:

A
  • 7 +/- 2 items
  • improved by chunking which reduces the amount of overall items
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16
Q

duration of the STM:

A

18-30 seconds
- can be extended by verbal rehearsal

17
Q

what is the LTM:

A
  • can be permanently stored
  • may be unlimited in the amount of info it can contain
  • comes from STM via rehearsal
  • to use info from LTM needs to be retrieved to STM
18
Q

coding of the LTM:

A
  • stored semantically
  • in the form of ‘meaning’
19
Q

capacity of the LTM:

A
  • unlimited amounts of info can be stored
  • info can be lost but not because its ‘out of the room’
  • info may still be in the LTM just not accessible
20
Q

duration of the LTM:

A
  • potentially unlimited
  • recall of childhood events is normal even for old people
21
Q

Evidence that LTM and STM are different processes: Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) free recall of words

A
  • asked pp to free recall words in any order
  • recall was higher for words first and last
  • the first words went into the LTM and the most recent words recalled by the STM
  • words in the middle were in the STM but displaced by later words
22
Q

Evidence for capacity of the sensory register: Sperling (1960)

A
  • pp shown 3x4 grid of letters
  • when shown quickly and had to recall one row
  • recall was over 75%
  • all rows contained within the capacity of the iconic store
  • sensory memory is large
23
Q

Evidence for duration of the sensory register: Sperling (1960)

A
  • when asked to recall all, they could only recall first 4-5 letters
  • letters fade from the sensory register before they could be paid attention to and pass in STM
  • shows duration is less than 1 second
24
Q

Evidence for coding of STM: Baddeley (1966) 4x10 word lists to 4 participant groups

A
  • A= acoustically similar
  • B= acoustically dissimilar
  • C= semantically similar
  • D= semantically dissimilar
  • immediate recall worse for A
  • recall after 2o mins worse for D
  • coding is acoustic
  • similar sounding words made recall worse
25
Q

Evidence for capacity of STM: Jacobs (1887) shown list of letters and numbers

A
  • asked to recall the list
  • average for letters= 7 and numbers= 9
  • capacity is limited
  • Miller can be improved by chunking (grouping) reduced number of overall items
26
Q

Evidence for duration of STM: Peterson and Peterson (1959) 3 letter trigrams

A
  • showed trigrams, asked to count backwards to stop maintenance rehearsal
  • after 18 seconds recall was less than 10%
  • unless maintained info is only held for around 18-30 seconds
27
Q

Evidence for coding of LTM: Baddeley (1966) 4x10 word list for 4 pp groups

A
  • A= acoustically similar
  • B= acoustically dissimilar
  • C= semantically similar
  • D= semantically dissimilar
  • immediate recall worst for A
  • recall after 20 mins worst for C
  • coding in LTM is semantic
  • C was most diff bc words similar in meaning
28
Q

Evidence for capacity of LTM: Wagenaar (1968) diary of over 2400 events over 6 years

A
  • when testing the events using cues
  • had 75% of one critical detail after 1 year and 45% after 5 years
  • sense of remembering the event after 5 years was high at 85%
  • shows capacity is large, unlimited
29
Q

Evidence of duration of LTM: Bahrick (1975) memory of old school friends

A
  • 392 pp aged 17-74 asked names and faces of old school friends
  • recall in matching names to faces was 90% after 15 years
  • 80% recall after 45 years
  • duration is large, limitless
30
Q

Evaluating the MSM: limitation, experiments used lack external validity

A
  • cognitive experiments are highly artificial and lack external validity
  • low ecological validity and not generalisable to more naturalistic situations
  • lack of mundane realism as people usually use their memory in more complex ways
31
Q

Evaluating the MSM: strength, uncover the underlying internal mental structure of memory

A
  • artificial nature of the design of experimental studies is the only way to clearly measure and test the limits of memory
  • this uncovers the underlying internal mental structure of memory
32
Q

Evaluating the MSM: limitation, have to make inferences on the structure

A
  • memory models cannot be directly observed
  • researchers have to make inferences based on the behaviour they observed
  • inferences could be incorrect
33
Q

Evaluating the MSM: strength, supported by the evolutionary theory

A
  • large capacity and short duration of the sensory register matches what would be expected from the evolutionary theory
  • as much info as possible gathered from the environment
  • only important info is processed
34
Q

Evaluating the MSM: limitation, simplistic

A
  • neither LTM or STM are unitary stores
  • there are multiple types of LTM and STM as shown in the WMM
  • lacks validity as capacity of STM changes over time

Psychology- memory P1 (6 decks)

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