Types of learning and memory

Question 1

What are the 4 types of learning?

Answer 1

• motor learning
• perceptual learning
• relational learning
• stimulus-response learning

Question 2

What are the types of memory?

Answer 2

• unconscious memory
• consciously accessible memory

Question 3

What are the two types of consciously accessible memory?

Answer 3

• episodic
• semantic

Question 4

Which areas of the brain are associated with perceptual learning?

Answer 4

neocortex and sensory association areas

Question 5

Which areas of the brain are associated with relational learning?

Answer 5

hippocampus and neocortex

Question 6

Which areas of the rbain are associated with motor learning?

Answer 6

cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus, motor cortex

Question 7

Which are the types of memory that allow us to classify them based on their stability?

Answer 7

• sensory memory
• short-term memory
• long-term memroy

Question 8

What is the mode of perceptual learning?

Answer 8

Modification of the strength of the connestion between neurons in primary and association sensory cortices

Question 9

What is the mode of motor learning?

Answer 9

• learn through feedback
• rapid component
• between-session learning (passive memory consolidation)

Question 10

What causes visual agnosia?

Answer 10

damage to the ventral stream of visual information (cannot make sense of the image, but can perceive it)

Question 11

What are the two types of stimulus-response learning?

Answer 11

• classical conditioning
• instrumental conditioning

Question 12

What type of learning is visual agnosia related to?

Answer 12

perceptual learning

Question 13

What is the difference between classical and instrumental conditioning?

Answer 13

instrumental learning is associated with learning from the consequence of your actions, whereas classical learning is associated with watching how the world works and understanding how to respond to your knowledge of the world

Question 14

What are the two main pathways between sensory and motor cortices?

Answer 14

• direct transcortical connections
• basal ganglia

Question 15

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

Answer 15

Integrate all sensory and motor information from throughout the brain, allowing it to detect succesfull behaviors that are repeated over and over again. This allows it to automate the stimulus-response process, creating habitual ways of responding, which diminishes the cognitive load of the transcortices connections

Question 16

What is the role of dopamine in learning?

Answer 16

controls synaptic plasticity in the basal ganglia

Question 17

Where does most of the input to the basal ganglia synapse?

Answer 17

the striatum

Question 18

what does the overall amount of dopamine in the striatum reflect?

Answer 18

• motivational state of the animal
• value of moving in/engaging with the env. for the animal

Question 19

Which type of learning is conscious?

Answer 19

Perceptual learning

Question 20

What is the role of the hippocampus in learning?

Answer 20

consolidation of short term memories in learning memories through memory consolidation

Question 21

What is the impact of damage to the hippocampus?

Answer 21

inability to form new memories (retrograde amnesia)

Question 22

What are the steps of memory processing?

Answer 22

1) sensory information, if paid attention to enters the short-term memory
2) rehearsal keeps the information in the short-term memory zone
3) the information makes its way into long-term memory, where it will be permanently stored

Question 23

What causes Korsakoff syndrome?

Answer 23

cells in the hyppocampus undergo apoptosis due to a lack of vitamin B1

Question 24

What are the main effects of Korsakoff syndrome?

Answer 24

• permanent anterograde amnesia
• confabulation

Question 25

What is confabulation?

Answer 25

reporting of memories of events that did not take place without intention to deceive

Question 26

What are the different types of amnesia?

Answer 26

• Anterograde amnesia
• Retrograde amnesia
• Complete amnesia

Question 27

What are the possible causes of anterograde amnesia?

Answer 27

bilateral damage to the hippocampus, korsakoff syndrome

Question 28

What types of amnesia did patient HM display?

Answer 28

retrograde AND anterograde amnesia

Question 29

What types of learning are amnesic patients capable of? What is particular about their learning?

Answer 29

• perceptual, motor, stimulus-response (all types of non-declarative learning)
• they are not conscious of the fat they have learned/are learning

Question 30

What is the type of learning that amnesic patients are incapable of?

Answer 30

Relational learning

Question 31

What type of memory tasks necessitate the hippocampus?

Answer 31

declarative memory tasks