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PSYC211 > Mental illness > Flashcards

Mental illness Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main impacts of autism spectrum disorders?

A
  • troubles with social interaction
  • troubles with communication
  • restricted/repetitive behaviors
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2
Q

What is the incidence of ASD?

A

1%

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3
Q

What is the heritability of autism?

A

70%

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4
Q

What is the heritability of ASD?

A

90%

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5
Q

What are the developmental differences of people with ASD?

A

early brain overgrowth

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6
Q

What are the possible causes for early brain overgrowth in people with ASD?

A
  • altered neuronal migration during gestation
  • abnormal formation of synapses/dendritic spines
  • overconnectivity of brain regions
  • unbalanced excitatory-inhibitory neural networks
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7
Q

What is the main difference between the brain activity of ASD and non-ASD people?

A

ASD: little to no activity in the fusiform face area

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8
Q

What is the mode of action of anticonvulsants?

A

rises GABA receptor activityh

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9
Q

What is the mode of action of antidepressants?

A

heightens serotonin receptor activity

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10
Q

What is the mode of action of antipsychotics?

A

lowers dopamine receptor activity

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11
Q

What is the mode of action of stimulants?

A

heightens dopamine receptor activity

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12
Q

What is the main characteristic of major affective disorders?

A

disordered feelings

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13
Q

What are the two main mood disorders?

A
  • bipolar disorder
  • major depressive disorder
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14
Q

what is the prevalence of depression in women?

A

7%

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15
Q

What is the prevalence of depression in men?

A

3%

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16
Q

What is the percentage of risk od BD associated with genetics?

A

80%

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17
Q

What is the estimated prevalence of bipolar disorder in the population?

A

1%

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18
Q

How is mania characterized?

A
  • unjustified euphoria
  • incessant speech
  • incessant motor activity
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19
Q

What is the treatment for bipolar disorder?

A
  • lithium
  • anticonvulsants
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20
Q

What is the effect of lithium?

A
  • prevents mania, which means there is no onset of depression
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21
Q

What is the percentage of risk of MDD associated with genetics?

A

40%

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22
Q

What are the main characteristics of depression?

A

feelings of:\
- hopelessness
- guilt
- lack of worth of the self

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23
Q

WHat is the presumed mode of action of lithium?

A

decreases dopamine activity to reduce excitatory neurotransmission in the brain

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24
Q

What are the possible molecular treatments for MDD?

A

drugs that increase serotonine and/or neuropinephrine

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25
Q

What are the different types of molecules used in the treatment of MDD?

A
  • SSRI
  • SNRI
  • tricyclic antidepressants
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26
Q

What is the mode of effect of tricyclic antidepressants?

A
  • inhibits reuptake of serotonine and neuropinephrine
  • affects most neuromodulators
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27
Q

What are the effects of SSRI?

A

inhibits reuptake of serotonineW

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28
Q

What are the effects of SNRI?

A

inhibit reuptake of serotonine and neuropinephrine

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29
Q

What areas are targeted by deep brain stimulation in the treatment of MDD?

A
  • subgeneral anterior cingulate cortex
  • nucleus accumbens
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30
Q

What areas are targeted by transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of MDD?

A

pre-frontal cortex

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31
Q

What are the different treatments available for MDD?

A
  • drugs that increase serotonin/neuropinephrine signaling by inhibiting their enzymatic breakdown/their reuptake
  • ketamine
  • electroconvulsive thrapy
  • transcranial magnetic stimulaiton
  • vagus nerve stimulation
  • bright-light therapy
  • sleep deprivation
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32
Q

What is the precursor molecule of serotonine?

A

triptophane

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33
Q

After succesful treatment, what tends to occur in the brain activity pattern of previously depressive people?

A

drop of activity in the anterior cingular cortex, an area situated in the prefrontal cortex

34
Q

What is the monoamine hypothesis of depression?

A

Depression could be associated to insufficient monoamine receptor activity in the brain, especially dopamine and neuropinephrine

35
Q

What is the main glucocorticoid of the human body?

A

cortisol

36
Q

What are the two main physiological processes of stress?

A
  • activation of the sympathetic system
  • activation of the HPA axis
37
Q

What is the result of the action of the HPA axis?

A

release of cortisol by the adrenal gland

38
Q

What is the result of the activation of the sympathetic system by stress?

A

release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

39
Q

What is CRH?

A

Corticotropin release hormone

40
Q

What is the effect of CRH?

A

causes the pituitary gland to secrete ACTH

41
Q

What is ACTH?

A

aadrenocorticotropic hormone

42
Q

What is the main effect of the adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

causes the adrenal gland to release glucocorticoids

43
Q

What are the effects of glucocorticoids?

A
  • make glucose and fat available for immediate use
  • increase in blood flow
  • supress secretion of sex hormones
  • stimulates behavioral responsiveness
44
Q

What are the effects of long-term stress on the brain?

A
  • enlarged adrenal gland
  • damaged hippocampus
  • reduced size of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
45
Q

What percentage of PTSD occurence is related to genetics?

A

30%

46
Q

What are the possible treatments for PTSD?

A
  • medication
  • cognitive behavioral therapy
  • group therapy
47
Q

What are the physical elements/factors that can influence the occurence/effects of PTSD?

A
  • abnormalies in the HPA axis
  • increased amygdala activity
48
Q

What are the classically observed symptoms of anxiety?

A
  • muscle tension
  • over activity of the autonomous nervous system
  • expectation of impending disaster
  • continuous vigilance for danger
49
Q

What percentage of the population shows anxiety in any given year?

A

12%

50
Q

What percentage of people develop social anxiety at some point in their life?

A

10%

51
Q

What percentage of people develop a phobia in their life?

A

12%

52
Q

What are the possible factors that increase chances of developing anxiety?

A
  • environmental (absue, bad childhood, etc)
  • genetic
  • other mental disorders
  • neurodegenerative diseases
53
Q

What are the possible changes in brain activity assoicated with anxiety?

A

hyper activity of the amygdala and decreased activation of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

54
Q

What are the symptom clusters of OCD?

A

1) hoarding
2) cleaning
3) symmetry
4) forbidden thoughts

55
Q

What is the proportion of OCD due to genetics?

A

50%

56
Q

What are the possible course of treatment for OCD?

A
  • exposure/response prevention therapy
  • antidepressants
  • cingulectomy
  • deep brain stimulation of the basal ganglia
57
Q

What is a cingulectomy?

A

last resort treatment for OCD that consists in the severring of a nerve bundle between the anterior cingulate and the prefrontal cortex

58
Q

What is particular about the brain activity of people with OCD?

A
  • hyoeractivity in the prefrontal lobe
  • hyperactivity in the striatum
59
Q

Brain damage to which brain regions can cause the apparition of symptoms of OCD?

A
  • basal ganglia
  • cingulate gyrus
  • prefrontal cortex
60
Q

What percentage of the risk factors for alcoholism are accounted for by genetics?

A

40%-60%

61
Q

What is the effect on brain signaling of reinforcement learning?

A

heightens dopamine signaling in the striatum, especially the nucleus accumbens

62
Q

What disproves the negative reinforcement theory of addiction?

A

cravings and addictive behaviors outlast all withdrawal

63
Q

What is the effect of past/active addition on the brain activity?

A

PFC hypoactivity

64
Q

What disorders is addiction most frequently associated with?

A
  • ADHD
  • schizophrenia
65
Q

What do ADHD, schizophrenia and addiction all have in common?

A

linked to abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex and its interationc with dopamine neurons and/or the striatum

66
Q

What are the main approaches in the treatment of drug addiction?

A
  • binding site blocker
  • maintenance
  • partial agonist
  • brain stimulation
67
Q

What are the different binding site blockers?

A
  • naltrexone
  • naloxon
68
Q

What is the mode of action of naltrexon?

A

reduces the high created by opiates because it is an extremely hugh affinity opioid receptor antagonist

69
Q

What is the mode of action of naloxom?

A
  • opioid receptor antagonist
  • reverses the effects of an opioid overdose
70
Q

What molecules are used in the maintenance approach of the treatment of addiction?

A
  • methadone
71
Q

What is the mode of effect of methadone?

A
  • potent opiate
  • similar effect to heroin and morphine but with a slower onset and offset
  • maintains addiction but allows the addict to be functionnal in society
72
Q

What is the general mode of action of the molecules used in the partial agonists approach?

A
  • will bind to the receptors
  • produce an effect much smaller than that of the molecule
  • prevents the drug from having any effect because the drug can no longer bind to its receptor
73
Q

what type of drug prevention method does buprenophrine correspond to? which drug is it a treatment for?

A
  • partial agonist approach
  • opiates
74
Q

What type of drug prevention method does varenicline correspond to? Which drug is it a treatment for?

A
  • partial agonist approach
  • nicotine
75
Q

What areas are targeted by deep brain stimulation in the treatment of addiciton?

A
  • PFC
  • Basal ganglia
76
Q

What area of the brain is targeted by treanscranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of addiction?

A

PFC

77
Q

What are the characteristics of ADHD?

A
  • problems paying attention
  • difficulty in inhibition
  • hyperactivity
78
Q

Which percentage of north american children is treated for ADHD?

A

more than 5 %

79
Q

What is the heritability of ADHD?

A

75-90%

80
Q

What are the factors that can influence the development of ADHD?

A
  • alcohol use during pregnancy
  • infections during pregnancy
  • low birth weight
81
Q

What are the types of molecules used in the management of ADHD?

A
  • dopamine reuptake inhibitors or reversers
  • antidepressants

PSYC211 (21 decks)

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