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PSYC211 > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four stages of sleep?

A

1) non-rem stage 1
2) non-rem stage 2
3) non-rem stage 3
4) rem

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2
Q

How do the sleep cycles change during the night?

A
  • early stages: mostly deep sleep (stage 3/4)
  • later stages: mostly REM sleep/stage 1/2 sleep
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3
Q

How is sleep measured?

A
  • EEG to measure brain activity
  • EMG (electromyogram) to measure muscle activity
  • EOG (electro-oculogram) to measure eye activity
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4
Q

What is measured in the brain activity during sleep?

A

the synchronization (or not) of neurons

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5
Q

What are the different types of brain activity?

A
  • beta activity
  • alpha activity
  • theta activity
  • delta activity
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6
Q

What is beta activity?

A
  • typical of aroused states
  • desynchronous neural activity
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7
Q

What is alpha activity?

A
  • awake people in relaxed states
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8
Q

When does theta activity appear?

A
  • when people are drowsy and in the early stages of sleep
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9
Q

When does delta activity appear?

A
  • during deepest stages of slow-wave sleep
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10
Q

What characterizes delta activity?

A

highly synchronized low frequencies

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11
Q

What characterizes theta activity?

A

desynchronized EEG activity

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12
Q

What caracterizes REM sleep?

A
  • rapid eye movements
  • sleep paralysis
  • dreaming
  • increased cerebral blood flow
  • increased oxygen consumption
  • desynchronized EEG activity
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13
Q

What caracterizes stages 3 and 4 of brain activity?

A
  • large amplitude and high synchronicity in brain activity
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14
Q

What happens when an animal is sleep deprived for many weeks at a time?

A
  • cognitive problems
  • loss of control of the metabolic processes: body overheats, the rat looses too much weight and dies
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15
Q

What are the main effects of sleep deprivation?

A
  • sensation of tiredness
  • delayed reaction time
  • poor judgment
  • increse in stress hormones/mood swings/impulsive behavior
  • worst learning and memory
  • heightened propensity for: weight gain, migraines, hallucinations, dementia, seizures, death
  • tends to exacerbate effects of mental illness
  • apparition of microsleep states
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16
Q

How do sleep patterns vary within a species?

A
  • depending on developmental stages
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17
Q

What is particular about the way dolphins sleep?

A
  • one side of the brain is in deep sleep, the other side is awake
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18
Q

What are the elements that allow us to identify differences in sleep behavior among different species?

A
  • amount of sleep needed
  • ratio of REM to non-REM
  • length of sleep cycles
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19
Q

How do we differentiate different sleep cycles?

A

Time between two periods of REM sleep

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20
Q

What is generally the biggest difference in sleep behavior between predatory and preyed animals?

A

predatory animals indulge in long and uninterupted periods of sleep. preyed upon animals typically sleep in short intervals.

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21
Q

What is the correlation between sleep and body weight?

A

smaller animals sleep more than bigger animals

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22
Q

how are the basal metabolic rate and mass correlated?

A

positively correlated

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23
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate?

A

How many calories an animal burns to stay alive

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24
Q

How are the metabolic rate per cell and mass correlated?

A

the more mass increases, the more the metabolic rate per cell decrease

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25
Q

How are the heart rate and the size of the animal correlated?

A

The bigger the animal, the lower the heart rate

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26
Q

What does the correlation between metabolic rate per cell and sleep time seem to suggest reguarding sleep?

A

that sleep may be critical for a restorative process

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27
Q

What could explain the correlation between metabolic rate per cell and animal size?

A
  • economies of scale related to heat savings and nutrient/waste distribution networks
  • smaller animal=less cells=more work per cell to keep the animal alive
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28
Q

What are the main theories about the reasons why animals sleep?

A

1) to recover from exhaustion (physical or mental)
2) to allow brain processing
3) to allow waste removal

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29
Q

What is the general idea of the recovery sleep hypothesis?

A
  • sleep to conserve energy when we are not “hunting”, or to recover the energy spent in mental or physical activity
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30
Q

What are the problems with the recovery sleep hypothesis?

A
  • sleep is not energy saving
  • no clear correlation between exertion and amount of sleep needed
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31
Q

What is the brain processing theory of sleep?

A
  • sleep gives the brain an opportunity to reorganize data and archive memories (processing and transfer of information)
  • synaptic modificaitons are observed during sleep
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32
Q

What appears to support the brain processing theory of sleep?

A
  • correlation between the amount of slow-wave/REM sleep and improvements in declarative and procedural memory
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33
Q

What type of learning is associated with slow wave sleep?

A

declarative learning

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34
Q

What type of learning is associated with REM sleep?

A

procedural learning

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35
Q

What is the glymphatic system?

A

As it moves through the interstitial spaces, CSF clears waste products awaty before exiting into blood vessels

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36
Q

What is the waste removal theory of sleep?

A
  • sleep is necessary for the brain to get rid of the waste that built up during the wakefulness stage
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37
Q

How does the correlation between baseline metabolic rate and sleep support the waste removal hypothesis of sleep?

A
  • waste removal is favoured by economies of scale
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38
Q

What happens during sleep to allow for the glymphatic system to be more efficient?

A
  • glial cells in the brain lose water and shrink in size
  • the total volume of interstitial space increases
  • the CSF diffuses more easily through the brain, allowing the clearance of waste
39
Q

How does waste removal benefit from economies of scale?

A
  • more space to accumulate waste
  • clearance is faster than in smaller brains
40
Q

What is the circadian rythm?

A

daily changes in behaviour and physiological processes that follows a cycle of approximately 24 hours. controls more interestingly the hormonal secretions as well as the sleep/wake cycles

41
Q

What regulates the circadian rythm/activity level?

A

exposure to light

42
Q

What happens if there is a change in exposure to light?

A

body adapts to the changes in exposure

43
Q

What happens if there is no light exposure?

A

the circadian rythm is maintained, but may be a tad longer or shorter (never goes more than 25 or less than 23)

44
Q

What regulates the sleep-wave cycles?

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus

45
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A
  • In the hypothalamus
  • right above the optic chiasm
46
Q

What information does the suprachiasmatic nucleus recive and analyze?

A
  • analyzes the quantity of light that is present
47
Q

What happens if you lesion the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Deregulates sleep schedules (length and timing)
Changes when you sleep, not how much you sleep

48
Q

what maintains the circadian rythm?

A
  • interlocking feedback loop of PER2 and PER3 proteins
49
Q

How does the interlocking feedback loop of PER2 and PER3 function?

A
  • when the expression of one protein is high enough, it inhibits its produciton and promotes the expression of another
50
Q

What is the PER2 protein responsible for?

A

wakefulness

51
Q

What is the PER3 protein responsible for?

A

sleepiness

52
Q

What is caused by a mutation of the per2 gene?

A
  • advanced sleep phase syndrome
53
Q

What is the advanced sleep phase syndrome?

A

4-hour advance in the biological clock

54
Q

What is caused by a mutation of the per3 gene?

A
  • delayed sleep syndrome
55
Q

What is the delayed sleep syndrome?

A

4-hour delay in the biological rythms

56
Q

What is the sleep-molecule hypothesis?

A

the build-up of certain molecules in the brain during wakefulness promote sleepiness and drowsiness at high concentrations

57
Q

What is adenosine?

A
  • molecule whose levels rise during waking hours
  • levels fall rapidly during sleep
58
Q

What is the function of adenosine receptors through the brain?

A

modulates drowsiness
modulate the duration of sleep
modulate the depth of sleep

59
Q

With what we know, what is the element that most likely determines the length of sleep?

A

molecular signaling (adenosine)

60
Q

What is the chemical effect of caffeine?

A

adenosine receptor antagonist

61
Q

What influences the neural circuits that regulate arousal?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleu neurons and the build up of sleep promoting molecules

62
Q

What signaling molecules are released by neurons that are active during arousal/alertness/wakefulness?

A
  • serotonin
  • norepinephrine
  • acetylcholine
  • orexin
  • histamine
63
Q

Where is sleep-relevant serotonin produced?

A

Raphe nuclei in the hindbrain

64
Q

Where is sleep-relevant norepinephrine produced?

A

locus coeruleus in the hindbrain

65
Q

Where is sleep-relevant acetylcholine produced

A

hindbrain

66
Q

Where is sleep-relevant acetylcholine produced?

A

throughout the brain

67
Q

Where is sleep-relevant orexin produced?

A

hypothalamus

68
Q

Where is sleep-relevant histamine produced?

A

hypothalamus

69
Q

What happens considering the signaling molecules when the animal goes to sleep?

A

decrease in activity

70
Q

What is the particularity of a flip flop circuit?

A
  • both regions cannot be active at the same time (activity of one inhibits the other)
  • switch from one state to another is fast
71
Q

Where are situated the neurons that promote sleep?

A

ventral lateral preoptic area

72
Q

Where are situated the neurons that promote wakefulness?

A

Brain stem and forebrain

73
Q

What composes the flip-flop sleep circuit?

A
  • sleep-promoting region in the ventrolateral preoptic area
  • arousal systems f the brain stem and forebrain
74
Q

What happens when the flip-flop circuit is “on”?

A
  • brain stem and forebrain arousal systems are activated
  • animal is awake
  • secretion of activity-promoting signaling molecules
  • ventrolateral preoptic area is inhibited
75
Q

What happens when the flip-flop circuit is “off”?

A
  • Sleep promoting region in the ventrolateral preoptic area is activated
  • animal is asleep
  • arousal systems are inhibited
76
Q

What activates the ventrolateral preoptic area?

A

the activity of the adenosine that has built up during the day

77
Q

What activates the arousal systems of the flip-flop circuit?

A

the secretion of orexin

78
Q

What is the most frequent cause of narcolepsy?

A

absence of orexin neurons

79
Q

What regulates the activation or not of REM sleep?

A

the REM flip-flop circuit

80
Q

What region is active when the animal is in REM?

A

the sublateral dorsal nucleus

81
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A
  • sleep disorder caracterized by periods of excessive daytime sleepiness and irresistible urges to sleep
  • the REM system comes on when it is not supposed to
82
Q

What is the most likely cause of narcolepsy?

A

death of orexin neurons

83
Q

What causes the death of orexin neurons?

A

the activity of a person’s immune system

84
Q

What are some symptoms of narcolepsy?

A
  • irresistible urges to sleep
  • sleep paralysis
  • cataplexy (muscle paralysis when the person is awake)
85
Q

What is the role of orexin?

A

Regulate wakefulness and arousal

86
Q

What is insomnia?

A

difficulty falling asleep or going back to sleep

87
Q

What is fatal family insomnia? Sporadic fatal insomnia?

A

progressively worstening states of insomnia

88
Q

What are the symptons of fatal family insomnia and sporadic fatal insomnia?

A
  • delirium
  • confusional states
  • death
89
Q

What are the most likely causes of fatal family insomnia and sporadic fatal insomnia

A
  • neurodegenaration around thalamus, hypothalamus and brain stem
90
Q

What are the non-rem parasomnias?

A

sleep disorders where the brain seems to get caught between a sleepong and a waking state

91
Q

What are some examples of non-rem parasomnia?

A

night terrors, sleep-walking, sleep-talking, etc.

92
Q

What is the REM sleep behavior disorder?

A

neurological disorder where the person does not become paralyzed uring REM sleep, thus acts out dreams

93
Q

What causes REM sleep behavior disorder?

A

it is a neurodegenerative disorder. has at least some genetic component

PSYC211 (21 decks)

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