Types Of Intervention

Question 1

Biological

Answer 1

Methadone - mimics effects of heroin but less addictive - an agonist - chemically similar

Procedure - given in liquid form, drunk in presence of supervising personnel, opiate level in brain rises slowly so it doesn’t produce the high if heroin and is extremely long lasting - amount is gradually lowered so patient needs neither

Nicotine replacement - relieves withdrawal symptoms as they stimulate nicotine receptors as cigarettes would, releasing dopamine - may also desensitise receptors making cigarettes less rewarding - ensures harmful components of cigarettes not ingested

Question 2

Biological AO2

Answer 2

Methadone - still addictive - killed 300 people in 2007

Nicotine replacement - Beckham - 24 military veterans - given combo of nicotine replacement and Quitline services - 11/24 quit by their aim date

Question 3

Psychological

Answer 3

Aversion therapy - punishment given whilst engaging in addictive beh - alcohol addiction, a drug will be added (antabuse) to induce sickness
Smoking - addicts allowed to smoke as much as they like in a room that fills with smoke creating nausea
Negative associations lead to an aversion to the substance

CBT - changes beliefs about beh, social skills inc with family mementos to aid communication, motivational interviewing, non directive so client feels empowered

Question 4

Psychological AO2

Answer 4

Aversion - Doesn’t deal with why beh starts - may take other forms eg compulsive spending

CBT - Ladoucer - 86% of path gamblers no longer fufilled DSM criteria for addiction after CBT

Sylvan - sig improvement in male path gamblers after CBT - true even a year later

Question 5

Public health interventions

Answer 5

Smoking ban - can’t smoke in an enclosed space
Estimated decline 0.4% per year - first year of smoking ban declined 1%
2007 almost half of all smokers tried to quit and 8% said new law promoted this
Stop smoking services saw a 12% increase in people quitting for at least 4 weeks after implementation of ban

Smoke free services - include Quitline, quit kits, medicines, local help groups, online experts etc
Beckham found combo of Quitline and nicotine replacement patches - 11/24 had quit by aim date

Question 6

PHI AO2

Answer 6

Uni of Dundee - sig improvement of bar staff 2 months after the ban - tested lung functioning and found symptoms related to passive smoking dropped 80% to 50%

17% yearly drop for heart attacks since smoking ban

75% drop in cotinine (by product of nicotine) in saliva of non smokers

Lewis et al - public helsth interventions prevented over 60,000 deaths in 10 years

Murray - Quitlime - self help intervention - 75% had attempted to quit