Risk Factors In Development Of Addiction

Question 1

Stress

Answer 1

NIDA - ppl use drugs smoking and gambling as a means of coping with daily hassles

Hajek et al - smokers find smoking stress reducing - not smoking becomes stressful, having another alleviates at least one form of stress

Dreissen et al - PTSD linked to addiction - 30% of addicts suffer PTSD

Cloniger - only type 1 (drink to reduce tension) explained - what about type 2 - drink to relieve boredom

Question 2

Peers

Answer 2

SLT - beh learned through observation and modelling of others
Most likely to imitate those we have most social contact with
Once started, new experiences with this beh will determine whether it continues

Social identity theory - Abrams and Hoggs - group members adopt norms that are central to the group eh smoker/non-smoker

Question 3

Age

Answer 3

Brown et al - Influence of peers in drugs/smoking wanes in later adolescence and role of close friends/partner becomes more imp

Social crows eg peers have a great influence when young

Question 4

Personality

Answer 4

Eysenck -
Extraversion - under aroused, bored, seek external stimulation
Neuroticism - experience negative affects
Psychoticism - related to impulsivity

Tri-dimensional theory of addictive beh - novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependent

Question 5

Dopamine system - Buckholtz

Answer 5

May be more rewarding to some as they have a hypersensitive response system - heightened resp to anticipated reward