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sociology > types of data, method and research design > Flashcards

types of data, method and research design Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

research methods

A

techniques for collecting data such as interviews or questionnaires

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2
Q

ethical

A

relating to moral principles that state what is right and wrong

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3
Q

research participants

A

the people who researcher’s study

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4
Q

data

A

information that a researcher draws on and/or generates during a study

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5
Q

primary data

A

new information produced by the researcher during the research process

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6
Q

secondary data

A

pre-existing information used by the researcher

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7
Q

quantitative data

A

information in the form of statistics

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8
Q

qualitative data

A

all data (such as quotations from interview participants) that is not in numerical form

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9
Q

official statistics

A

numerical data produced by government departments and agencies

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10
Q

validity

A

data are valid if they represent a true or accurate measurement

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11
Q

reliability

A

data are reliable when different researchers using the same methods obtain the same results

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12
Q

positivism

A

an approach based partly on the methods used in the natural sciences. It favours quantitative data.

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13
Q

interpretivism

A

an approach that explores people’s lived experiences and the meanings they attach to their actions. It favours qualitative data.

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14
Q

correlation

A

a statistical link between two or more variables or factors

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15
Q

generalisation

A

a statement based on a relatively small group which is then applied to a larger group

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16
Q

representative sample

A

a subgroup that is typical of its population

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17
Q

population

A

the group under study from which a sample is selected

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18
Q

social survey

A

systematic collection of the same type of data from a fairly large number of people

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19
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

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20
Q

self-completion questionnaire

A

a questionnaire that the respondent fills in

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21
Q

closed questions

A

questions in which the range of responses is fixed by the researcher

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22
Q

open questions

A

questions which allow the respondent to answer in their own words

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23
Q

ethical issue

A

a concern with morals and how to conduct morally acceptable research

24
Q

pilot study

A

a small-scale study to check the suitability of the methods to be used in the main study

25
Q

operationalise

A

translate abstract concepts into a form that can be measured

26
Q

coded

A

answers are classified into various categories

27
Q

response rate

A

the percentage of the sample that participates in the research

28
Q

sample

A

a subgroup of research participants from the larger group to be studied

29
Q

replication

A

repeating an experiment or research study under the same conditions

30
Q

structured interview

A

a questionnaire which the interviewer reads out and fills in

31
Q

interviewer bias

A

the effect of the interviewer on a research participant’s answers

32
Q

interview bias

A

the effect of the interview situation itself on a participant’s responses

33
Q

social desirability effect

A

bias resulting from a research participant’s desire to reflect in their responses what is generally seen as the right way to behave

34
Q

laboratory experiment

A

an experiment conducted in a specially designed setting

35
Q

field experiment

A

an experiment conducted in everyday social settings

36
Q

variables

A

factors that affect behaviour. Variables can vary, for example, temperature can increase or decrease

37
Q

experimental effect

A

any unintended impact of the experiment on a participant

38
Q

experimenter bias

A

the unintended effect of the experimenter on a participant

39
Q

informed consent

A

the participant only agrees to participate in the research once the sociologist has explained fully what the research is about and why it is being undertaken

40
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

changes in participants’ behaviour resulting from an awareness that they are taking part in an experiment

41
Q

non-directive interviewing

A

an interviewing technique that seeks to avoid leading participants to answer in particular ways

42
Q

rapport

A

a friendly, trusting and understanding relationship

43
Q

moderator

A

an interviewer who guides focus group discussions

44
Q

participant observation

A

a qualitative method in which the researcher gathers data by joining a group and taking part in its activities

45
Q

non-participant observation

A

an observation-based study in which the researcher doesn’t join those they are studying

46
Q

key informant

A

a member of the group being studies who provides important information and often sponsors the researcher

47
Q

observer effect

A

this occurs in an observation-based study when the observer’s known presence changes the behaviour of the people being studied

48
Q

objectivity

A

a value-free, impartial, unbiased view

49
Q

observation schedule

A

instructions which tell the observer what to look for and how to record it

50
Q

ethical guidelines

A

guidelines provided by social science organisations and universities on how to conduct morally acceptable research covering issues such as informed consent and confidentiality

51
Q

trend

A

the general direction in which statistics on something (such as the divorce rate) change or move over time

52
Q

personal documents

A

letters, diaries, notes and photographs

53
Q

historical documents

A

documents from the past

54
Q

semiology

A

the analysis of signs

55
Q

research ethics committees

A

bodies in universities that scrutinise research proposals

sociology (5 decks)

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