social identity and change Flashcards
structuration
a theory of society invented by Giddens which argues that human behaviour is caused by a combination of structure and agency
sampling frame
a list of people who might take part in a sociological study
subculture
a culture within a broader mainstream culture, with its own separate values, practices and beliefs
social class
a socio-economic status and identity which is hierarchcially organised on the basis of occupation, wealth, income and life chances
social stratification
a system of social ranking, usually based on wealth, income, race, education and power
satipatthana
a Buddhist concept that stresses mindfulness or awareness of others
caste system
a religious and ascribed system of stratification mainly found in India and Indian communities abroad that categorises people into five status groups, which determine their occupation and the Hindu concept of religious purity
Jati
the caste system
Dalit
the non-caste of ‘untouchables’ who occupy the lowest rung of the Indian caste system and who do the dirties jobs
middle class
those occupations that require a professional qualification or who manage capitalism on behalf of the capitalist class. This group tends to be highly rewarded in terms of income and status
unskilled class/underclass
the lowest social stratum or status group found in a society consisting of unskilled, low-paid and possibly unemployed and welfare-dependent poor
super-rich/uber-wealthy
an expression used to describe the richest 1% of billionaires and multi-millionaires
upper class
the social group that has the highest status in society. This status is often inherited. It’s often called the ‘ruling class’
symbiotic
inter-dependent
ideological power
dominating culture or ideas
social closure
exclusionary practices employed by wealthy high-status groups to protect their monopoly and ownership of both wealth and property, so preventing other groups from becoming members of their class
deferred gratification
the ability to forego or postpone gratification or pleasure now by making the decision to gain greater rewards later- say, by saving for the future or studying for a degree
collectivism
the practice or principle of giving a group priority over each individual with in it
class consciousness
a Marxist concept that relates to awareness of one’s place in a system of social class, esp as it relates to the class struggle
socialism
a left-wing political ideology or set of beliefs that states all people are equal ad should enjoy equal opportunities with regard to access to education, qualifications, jobs and wealth creation
populism
a system of idea that claims to support the will of the people
xenophobic
fear or hatred of foreigners such as refugees or migrants
precariat
people whose employment and income are insecure, esp when considered as a class
gig economy
a labour market characterised by the prevalence of short-term contracts or freelance work as opposed to permanent jobs
present-day orientation
a view likely to held by members of the precariat, whose members may believe that people should live for today and that there is little hope for the future because of their experience of job insecurity
fatalism
the belief that all events are predetermined and inevitable, and that we are powerless and incapable of bringing about social change
hegemonic
culturally dominant
hegemonic femininity
a version of feminine identity which stresses that females are subordinate and their ‘natural’ roles should be confined to the spheres of motherhood and the home
reproductive rights
the right of women to control their own bodies
misogyny
hatred of women
hegemonic masculinity
a version of masculine identity that defines a ‘real man’ in terms of toughness, emotional hardness and the power to provide for his family
toxic masculinity
a consequence of hegemonic masculinity in that males may suffer from depression or suicidal thoughts because they believe they cannot publicly display emotion or vulnerability. It may also be expressed through violence and misogyny.
crisis of masculinity
the struggle of men who have been socialised into the hegemonic version of masculinity to cope with the disappearance of traditional male roles
subordinate masculinity
a type of masculine identity that is only subscribed to by a minority of men, for example, gay masculinity, men who look after their children full-time while their partner works, metrosexual men and so on. They are subordinate because hegemonic sexist and misogynist forms of masculinity are still dominant in many areas of social life.
metrosexual
a heterosexual urban man who enjoys shopping, fashion and similar interests traditionally associated with women or gay men.
transgender identity
an umbrella term for people whose gender identity, gender expression or behaviour doesn’t conform to that typically associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth
gender fluid
a person who experiences or expresses their gender identity differently over time
binary
idea that there are only two sexes
intersex identity
a general term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t seem to fit the typically definitions of female or male
non-binary identity
a term used to describe somebody whose gender identity doesn’t fit into the gender binary of male or female
ethnic cleansing
the mass expulsion or killing of members of one ethnic or religious group in an area by those of another
apartheid
a system of state-approved institutionalised segregation that existed in South Africa between 1948 and 1991
global migration
a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries, especially in order to find work
cultural diversity
the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society
multiculturalism
the practice of giving equal attention to the cultural needs, interests and traditions of all ethnic identity groups that exist in an ethnically diverse society
Islamophobia
dislike of or prejudice against Islam or Muslims, especially as a political force
bi-racial
someone who is the product of parents who belong to different ethnic groups
dual heritage
another term for bi-racial
discourse
a dominant debate
post-racial identity
the idea that race and ethnicity are not longer important as a source of identity
rite of passage
a ceremony or event marking an important stage in someone’s life
cultural markers
an event which symbolises a significant change in self or social identity or one’s place in a culture, for example, going from being single to being married.
ageism
a form of prejudice and discrimination that devalues a group because of their age
infantilisation
treating or condescending to someone as if they were a young child
identity
the notions we hold about ourselves and how we are perceived by other social actors
personal identity
aspects of ourselves which make us distinct and unique
social identity
aspects we share with the groups to which we belong
decadence
spiritual emptiness
global risks
globalisation has increased people’s risk of being victims of global warming, terrorism and crime and so on
fundamentalism
a very conservative version of religion which believes that god’s word and religious texts are infallible and need to be interpreted literally
Glocalisation
a trend which sees global actors flexibly altering their global brands so that they suit the needs of and respect local cultures. Local cultures may take aspects of a global product and adapt it so that it appeals to local consumers
hybridised identity
a form of identity that is constructed by combing aspects of two or more cultures
cultural appropriation
this involves members of a dominant culture taking cultural artefacts from a marginalised group without permission, and usually with little respect for or knowledge about that culture
