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Community and Public Health > Types of Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Types of Communicable Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

This is a high contagious bacterial infection considered as the world’s deadliest disease.

A

Tuberculosis

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2
Q

These are other ways tuberculosis can infect you other than the lungs.

A

Brain, kidneys, intestines, and bones.

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3
Q

This is the rank of TB as the leading cause of morbidity as of 2004.

A

6th

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4
Q

The estimated incidence of all TB cases in the Philippines as of 2006.

A

243/100,000 population

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5
Q

As of 2010, this is the estimated incidence of TB cases in the Philippines as well as its contribution to total deaths.

A

26.3/100,000 population and 5.1% of total deaths.

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6
Q

The five-year average of TB cases in the Philippines.

A

28.6/100,000 population

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7
Q

The number of males and females that died due to TB.

A

17,103 male deaths
7,611 female deaths

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8
Q

This is the bacteria that causes tuberculosis.

A

Mycrobacterium tuberculosis

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9
Q

This is the main mode of transmission of tuberculosis.

A

Inhalation of infected droplets in the air.

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10
Q

This disease has the following symptoms:
- cough of two weeks or more
- fever
- chest or back paints not referable to any musculo-skeletal disorders
- recurrent blood-streaked sputum
- significant weight loss

A

Tuberculosis

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11
Q

This is the medical term for recurrent blood-streaked sputum.

A

Hemoptysis

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12
Q

The diagnosis methods used to determine tuberculosis.

A
  1. Sputum Smear/Culture
  2. Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)
  3. Chest X-ray
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13
Q

These are the phases for tuberculosis treatment and their duration.

A
  1. Intensive Phase for 2 months
  2. Continuation Phase for 4 months
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14
Q

The total duration of tuberculosis treatment.

A

6 months

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15
Q

These are the drugs used to treat tuberculosis.

A
  1. Isoniazid
  2. Rifampicin
  3. Pyrazinamide
  4. Ethambutol
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16
Q

These are the medications per day on the first phase of tuberculosis treatment.

A

6 tablets a day (1 each for Isoniazid and Rifampicin; 2 each for Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol)

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17
Q

These are the medications per day on the second phase of tuberculosis treatment.

A

2 tablets a day (1 each for Isoniazid and Rifampin)

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18
Q

These are the preventive measures for tuberculosis.

A
  1. Prompt diagnosis and treatment
  2. BCG Vaccination
  3. Public education in mode of spread, methods, control, and early diagnosis
  4. Improve social conditions to avoid overcrowding
  5. Availability of healthcare facilities
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19
Q

This is the meaning of BCG.

A

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

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20
Q

This is an ancient disease and is the leading cause of permanent physical disability among communicable diseases.

A

Leprosy

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21
Q

This is another term for leprosy.

A

Hansen’s Disease

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22
Q

This is a chronic (mildly) communicable disease that are susceptible to children of 12 years old and below.

A

Leprosy

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23
Q

These are the parts of the body that leprosy mainly affects.

A

Skin, peripheral nerves, eyes, and URT mucosa.

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24
Q

This is the causative agent (bacteria) of leprosy.

A

Mycobacterium leprae

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25
Q

These are the mode of transmission of leprosy.

A
  1. Airborne via droplets
  2. Prolonged skin contact
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26
Q

This disease is characterized by the following early signs and symptoms:
- change in skin color
- decrease or loss of sweating and hair growth
- muscle weakness or paralysis
- pain and redness of the eyes
- nasal obstruction or bleeding
- chronic ulcers

A

Leprosy

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27
Q

This disease is characterized by the following late signs and symptoms:
- madarosis
- lagophthalmos
- clawing of fingers and toes
- sinking of nose bridge
- gynecomastia
- chronic ulcers

A

Leprosy

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28
Q

This is a medical condition characterized by the loss of eyebrow and eyelash hair.

A

Madarosis

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29
Q

This is a medical condition that is characterized by the inability to close your eyelids.

A

Lagopthalmos

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30
Q

This medical condition is characterized by the enlargement of male breast tissues.

A

Gynecomastia

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31
Q

This is the diagnosis method used in determining leprosy.

A

Skin Biopsy

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32
Q

This is the treatment used for leprosy.

A

Ambulatory Chemotherapy via Multi-drug Therapy (MDT)

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33
Q

These are the drugs used in the treatment of leprosy.

A
  1. Dapsone
  2. Rifampicin
  3. Clofazimine
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34
Q

These are the preventive measures for leprosy.

A
  1. Avoid prolonged skin contact
  2. Children should avoid contact with active cases
  3. BCG vaccination
  4. Good hygiene
  5. Adequate nutrition
  6. Health education
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35
Q

This is an acute and highly communicable disease characterized by fever, rashes, and symptoms referable to the upper respiratory tract (URT).

A

Measles

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36
Q

This is preceded by 2 days of coryza, during which gray specks are found in the inner cheeks.

A

Measles

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37
Q

These the rashes or spots that are characterized as grayish specks found in the inner surface of cheeks.

A

Koplik Spots

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38
Q

This is the cause of death in children associated with measles.

A

Death due to complications of pneumonia for children under 3 years old.

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39
Q

This is the causative agent of measles.

A

Morbillivirus

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40
Q

This is the family of bacteria where measles come from.

A

Paramyxoviridae Family

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41
Q

These are the modes of transmission of the measles virus.

A
  1. Droplet
  2. Direct contact with infected person
  3. Direct contact with infected fomites
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42
Q

These are the notable incubation period of the morbillivirus.

A
  1. 10 days from exposure until fever
  2. 14 days from exposure until rash
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43
Q

These are the preventive measures in order to avoid measles.

A
  1. Avoid exposing children to people with fever or catarrhal (mucous buildup) symptoms.
  2. Isolation of cases from diagnosis (5-7 days after rash onset)
  3. Disinfection of all articles soiled
  4. Live attenuated or inactivated measles virus vaccines (MMR)
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44
Q

This is the meaning of MMR Vaccination.

A

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination

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45
Q

This is an acute infectious disease with a sudden onset along with light fever, mild constitutional symptoms, and eruptions.

A

Chicken Pox

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46
Q

This is another term for chicken pox.

A

Varicella

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47
Q

These are the classification and duration of eruptions that are found during chicken pox infection.

A
  1. Maculo-papular: Few Hours
  2. Vesicular: 3-4 Days then leaves granular scabs
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48
Q

These are the locations where chicken pox lesions tend to appear.

A

Covered parts of the body

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49
Q

This is a disease wherein scabs are not considered infective.

A

Chicken Pox

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50
Q

This is the causative agent of chicken pox.

A

Varicella-Zoster Virus

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51
Q

These are the modes of transmission of the varicella virus.

A
  1. Direct contact of droplet spreads
  2. Indirect infection via soiled fomites
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52
Q

This is the incubation period of the chicken pox virus.

A

2 to 3 weeks; not common in early infancy

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53
Q

These are the preventive measures for varicella virus.

A
  1. Cases over 15 years old should be investigated
  2. Isolation of infected person
  3. Concurrent disinfection of throat and nose discharge
  4. Exclusion from school for 1 week after appearance of eruptions
  5. Avoid contact
54
Q

This is an acute and serious illness characterized by a sudden onset of acute and colorless diarrhea, vomiting, severe dehydration, muscular cramps, cyanosis, and collapse.

A

El Tor Cholera

55
Q

This is the causative agent responsible for el tor cholera.

A

Vibrio cholerae

56
Q

This is the mode of transmission of Vibrio cholerae.

A

Food and water contaminated with vomit or stool of patients and carriers.

57
Q

These are the preventive measures in containing el tor cholera.

A
  1. Hospitalization for proper isolation and medical care
  2. Preventive measure similar with Typhoid or Dysentery
  3. Contacts must submit for stool examination for proper treatment if found positive
58
Q

This disease is the cause of death in many countries in Asia, Africa, and South America, especially in rural tropical areas.

59
Q

This is the causative agent responsible for tetanus.

A

Clostridium tetani

60
Q

These are the modes of transmission of tetanus.

A
  1. Contamination of unhealed umbilical cord stump
  2. Soil
  3. Street dust
  4. Faecal matter
61
Q

These are the preventive measures in order to avoid tetanus infection.

A
  1. Pregnant women immunization
  2. Health education of mothers, relatives, and attendants
  3. Strict aseptic methods of umbilical care in newborns
62
Q

The type of tetanus responsible for infecting the umbilical region of infants.

A

Tetanus neonatorum

63
Q

This is a highly communicable disease that is characterized by abrupt onset of fever which lasts for 1-6 days, chills, aches and pains, respiratory frustration and symptoms such as: coryza, sore throat, and cough.

64
Q

This is the period of communicability of the influenza virus infection.

A

3 days from clinical onset

65
Q

This disease is often unrecognized due to indefinite clinical symptoms.

66
Q

This disease produces an unknown duration of immunity.

67
Q

This is the causative agent of the influenza virus.

A

Influenza Virus A, B, and C

68
Q

These are the modes of transmission of the influenza virus.

A

Direct contact via droplet or freshly soiled fomites coming from airborne discharge from nose or throat.

69
Q

These are the preventive measures in order to avoid influenza infection.

A
  1. Public education as to sanitary hazards of spitting, sneezing and coughing
  2. Avoid common usage of towels, glasses, and eating utensils
  3. Active immunizations of prevailing influenza strains
70
Q

This is a worldwide zoonic disease wherein rats are the main hosts.

A

Lepstospirosis

71
Q

These are the other names associated with the leptospirosis infection.

A

Weil’s Disease, Mud Fever, Trench Fever, Flood Fever, Spirochetal Jaundice, and Japanese 7-Days Fever

72
Q

This is a disease wherein animals such as cattle, pigs, rabbits, and other wild animals can serve as the reservoir.

A

Leptospirosis

73
Q

This is a disease that can also affect occupations such as veterinarians, miners, farmers, and sewer workers.

A

Leptospirosis

74
Q

This is the causative agent that is responsible for leptospirosis infection.

A

Leptospira interrogans

75
Q

This is another variation of the leptospirosis bacteria.

A

Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae

76
Q

These are the modes of transmission of leptospirosis.

A

Skin contact with water (especially with open wounds), moist soil, and vegetation contaminated with urine of the host.

77
Q

These are the two phases that shows as the signs and symptoms of leptospirosis.

A
  1. Leptospiremic Phase
  2. Immune Phase
78
Q

This phase is characterized by the presence on leptospires in the blood and CSF.

A

Leptospiremic Phase

79
Q

This phase of leptospirosis is characterized by abrupt symptoms such as fever, headache, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, coughing, and chest pain.

A

Leptospiremic Phase

80
Q

This phase correlates with the appearance of circulating IgMs (A type of immunoglobulin).

A

Immune Phase

81
Q

This type of immunoglobulin is found circulating in a host that has a past infection of leptospirosis.

82
Q

This type of immunoglobulin is found circulating in an infected host of leptospirosis.

83
Q

These are the treatments used in leptospirosis infections.

A
  1. Penicillin and other B-lactam Antibiotics
  2. Tetracycline
  3. Erythromycin
84
Q

These are the preventive measures done to avoid the weil’s disease.

A
  1. Improved health education of people at risk
  2. Use of protective gear of workers
  3. Rat and animal control
  4. Investigation of contracts and source
85
Q

This is a type of sporadic disease that occurs alone and can affect household members with intimate contact.

A

Meningococcemia

86
Q

This is another term for meningococcemia.

A

Meningococcal meningitis

87
Q

This disease primarily targets children, although it may occur in adults especially in overcrowding situations such as institutions, jails, and barracks.

A

Meningococcemia

88
Q

The risk of contracting this disease is increased for smokers, overcrowded households, and military recruits.

A

Meningococcemia

89
Q

This is the causative agent for the meningococcemia infection.

A

Neisseria meningitides (gram-negative bacteria)

90
Q

These are the modes of transmission of meningococcemia.

A

Direct contact with respiratory droplets (either nose or throat).

91
Q

This is a disease characterized by the following symptoms:
- high grade fever for the first 24 hours
- weakness, joint, and muscle pain
- hemorrhagic rashes (from few petechiae to widespread purpura)
- meningeal irritations (headaches, nausea, vomiting)
- stiff neck, seizures, and sensorial changes

A

Meningococcemia

92
Q

These are the preventive measures of the meningococcemia infection.

A
  1. Respiratory isolation for the first 24 hours
  2. Protective clothing of staff
  3. Public education to avoid overcrowded places
93
Q

These are the possible treatments for meningococcemia.

A
  1. Penicillin
  2. Ciprofloxacin
94
Q

This is the drug a person must take immediately after coming into contact with a person who was meningococcemia.

A

Ciprofloxacin

95
Q

This is a disease that is fatal once the signs and symptoms appear.

96
Q

This is another term for rabies.

A

Acute viral encephalomyelitis

97
Q

These are the two kinds of rabies.

A
  1. Urban (canine) Rabies
  2. Sylvatic Rabies
98
Q

This is a type of rabies that is transmitted by dogs.

A

Urban (canine) Rabies

99
Q

This is a type of rabies that is a disease of wild animals and bats, which are transmitted to dogs, cats, and livestock.

A

Sylvatic Rabies

100
Q

This is the number of Filipino that succumb to the rabies virus every year, making the Philippines the highest prevalence rate of rabies in the world.

A

300 to 600

101
Q

This is the incubation period of rabies.

A

2 to 8 weeks or it can last for several years before it manifests.

102
Q

This is the factors that determine how long the incubation period of the rabies virus.

A
  1. Size of bite wound
  2. Severity of wounds
  3. Location of the wound
  4. Amount of the virus
  5. Protection provided by the clothing
  6. Distance of the bite from the brain
103
Q

This is a disease wherein all warm-blooded mammals are susceptible to whilst having unknown natural immunity.

104
Q

This is how long, and the cause of, a rabies virus patient will last.

A

2 to 6 days due to respiratory paralysis.

105
Q

This is a program that aims to reduce the incidents of human rabies.

A

National Rabies Prevention and Control Program (NRPCP)

106
Q

These are the incidents the national program intends to reduce the cases of rabies (although failing) by 2010 and eliminate completely by 2015.

A

7 per million to 1 per million

107
Q

This is the causative agent of the rabies virus.

A

Rhabdovirus

108
Q

This is the genus of which rabies come from.

A

Lyssavirus

109
Q

This is the mode of transmission the rabies virus uses in order to spread.

A

Bites from rabid animals (including humans).

110
Q

This is a disease that is characterized by the following signs and symptoms:
- sense of apprehension
- headache
- fever
- sensory change near bite location
- muscle spasms and deglutition when swallowing
- paralysis
- delirium and convulsions

111
Q

These are preventive measures in order to avoid the rabies virus infection.

A
  1. Wash the wound immediately with soap and water
  2. Antiseptic such as povidone iodine or alcohol
  3. Antibiotics and anti-tetanus immunizations
  4. Pet observation and veterinary consultation for 14 days for signs of rabies
  5. Pet owner responsibility and surveillance
112
Q

These are one of the top 5 categories wherein adults seek healthcare within developing countries.

A

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

113
Q

These diseases are treated generally at a low cost if diagnosed early enough.

A

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

114
Q

These are the most treatable cases of STIs.

A

Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis

115
Q

This is a type of bacterial STI characterized by the following signs and symptoms:
- burning urination and pus discharge for males
- vaginal discharges for females
- inflammation of anus, throat, and eyes among neonates during birth

116
Q

This is a inflammation of the eye typically among neonates.

A

Ophthalmia neonatorum

117
Q

This is the causative agent responsible for ghonorrea.

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gram-negative)

118
Q

These are the mode of transmission of gonorrhea.

A

Sexual contact in adults and during the birth of neonates.

119
Q

This is the Filipino term for gonorrhea.

A

Tulo (The Drip)

120
Q

These are the treatments and prevention for gonorrhea.

A
  1. Ceftriaxone (for uncomplicated cases)
  2. Spectinomycin (if resistant to ceftriaxone)
  3. Condoms (drugs and vaccines don’t work)
  4. Trace contacts and stop further transmission
121
Q

This is a type of bacterial STI that is characterized by 3 phases, primary, secondary, and tertiary.

122
Q

This is the causative agent of syphilis.

A

Treponema pallidum

123
Q

These are the mode of transmission of the syphilis bacteria.

A

Sexual contact and from the placenta.

124
Q

This is a phase of syphilis that is characterized as a painless sore at the site of entry of germs and swollen glands.

A

Chancre (Primary Syphilis)

125
Q

This is a phase of syphilis that is characterized as macropapular rashes notable on the palms and doles, or moist papules on the skin and mucous membranes.

A

Condyloma Lata (Secondary Syphilis)

126
Q

This is a phase of syphilis that is characterized by a variety of symptoms, from asymptomatic to brain, heart, or liver damage.

A

Gummas (Tertiary Syphilis)

127
Q

These are treatment and prevention of syphilis.

A
  1. Penicillin
  2. Benzathine penicillin
  3. No available vaccines
128
Q

This is a type of bacterial STI characterized by the following signs and symptoms:
- penile discharge, burning and itching urination
- slight vaginal discharge, burning and itching, painful intercourse, and abdominal pain

129
Q

This is the causative agent responsible for chlamydia.

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

130
Q

These are the modes of transmission of chlamydia.

A

Sexual intercourse and birth.

131
Q

These are the treatment and prevention of chlamydia.

A
  1. Tetracycline
  2. Erythromycin (especially for infected mothers to prevent neonatal diseases)
  3. No available vaccines
132
Q

These are examples of gram-negative bacteria.

A
  1. Neisseria meningitides (Meningococcemia)
  2. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea)
  3. Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
  4. Chlamydia trachomatis (Chlamydia)
  5. Yersinia pestis (Black Death)

Community and Public Health (8 decks)

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