Types of cells Flashcards
Cell common features
Enclosed in membrane, has cytosol, chromosomes and ribosomes
Prokaryotes
Single-celled organisms that lack internal membrane-bound organelles and have no nucleus, with circular DNA. 1-10 micom in L and 0.2 to 2 microm in W
Eukaryotes
Uni or multicelled organisms with internal membrane-bound organelles with a nucleus and linear chromosomes. Reactions happen simultaneously without interfering with eachother
Cytoplasm
Is where metabolic chemical reactions occur. Cytosol is the semi-liquid part and contains dissolved substances
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis, amino acids join to form proteins. Proteins are needed for cell growth, repair and functioning
Genetic material (Prokaryotes)
Circular chromosomes within cytoplasm. Gives instructions for making amino acids. Has plasmids
Nucleus
Where DNA is found, which codes for different proteins, by doing this it can coordinate activity of the cell. The membrane keeps DNA separate and makes it easier for DNA to be copied and organised during cell division. Nucluolus produces ribosomes and nuclear pore allow for communication
Cell membrane
flexible phospholipid bilayer controlling the entry and exit of substances
ER
An interconnecting system of thin membrane sheets dividing into channels sn compartments. Membrane pinches to form vesicles and deliver substance. Transports materials such as proteins also allow a surface for chem reactions. Can be smooth or rough. The amount of ser depends on types of cell(liver cell detox)
Golgi body
Collects, packages, modifies, and distributes materials. Can modify materials from ER and manufactures macromolecules. Sorts into vesicles
Lysosome
A sac of enzymes that digest foreign substances and macromolecules. Formed by the Golgi body and splits large organic compounds into simpler ones so recycle old cell. Can destroy the whole cell if burts (apoptosis)
Mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP
Centrioles
Major role in cell division. Centresomes at the end of the cell, lose to the nucleus. Spindle fibres grow from. Centrosomes has pairs of centrioles
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis , light from sun gets converted to chemical energy in carbohydrates
Cell walls
Made of cellulose fibers, protecting the cell and maintaining its shape while preventing excessive uptake of water
Large vacuole
Stores water nutrients, metabolic wastes, and toxins ready for removal. In plants a full vacuole provides rigidity
Specialized and unspecialized cells
Most cells are specialised to preform a specific task, stem cells are unspecialised cells that have poteintial to develop into many different kinds of cells and keep dividng (brain- nural cell, heart–cardiac muscle, bone marrow–rbcs)
Photosynthesis
Metabolic process converting suns light energy to stored chemical energy in carbohydrates. The formula is co2+h20 (+light )–> glucose + oxygen. Plants do via chlorophyll
Chlorophyll
A pigment in the chloroplast that absorbs light to make it available during photosynthesis. Occurs in the stroma and thylakoid membrane. The internal membrane of chloroplast increases sa by folds so more reactions. Own dna, rna like prokaryotes.
Cell resp
Uses glucose, and the chem bonds are broken providing energy in a usable form (stored chem energy to ATP), producing o2 and co2. First takes place in the cytoplasm and then the membrane of mitochondria
Pro/eucaryote evolution
Endosymbiotic theory states that eukaryotic cells formed when a bacterial cell was ingested by another prokaryotic cell. As larger P cells engulfed it via phagocytosis. the bacteria escaped being digested and formed a symbiotic relationship with the host. m and C Evolved via endosymbiosis where one species lives in another. M AND C reprod like bacteria
Similarities between mitochondia and chloroplast
Both come from existing M AND C, 2 membranes, own genetic info
Synth of complex molecules
Living cells are involved in synthesising molecules to maintain biochemical processes such as communication, the transformation of energy and the relay of gene info. molecule synth by monomers
Monomers
Small molecules, many copies of which are linked to make the polymer. EG, carb, protein, and nucleotide. Not lipid, composed of distinct chem group of atoms
Biomacromolecules
Large organic, complex molecules in living things
Carbs
1:2:1 ratio. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Used as an energy source and structural component. Can form with other molecules to form more compounds (glycoprotein)
Lipids
Include fats, oils and phospholipids, glycolipids, and steroids. Insoluble. Store energy, a structural component of the membrane, and specific biological function (transmission of signal). Fats and oil in plants and animals comp of triglycerides (glycerol and 3 fatty acids). SER
Proteins
Building blocks of many diff structures and control life processes (channel protein). C, H, O, N (P AND S). Made of amino acids. 20 standard amino acids but 9 essential as they cannot be synthesised
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA. Made of nucleotides in the double helix. Genetic code guides the production of proteins. Nucleolus synth of rRNA and ribosomes
