Types of cells

Question 1

Cell common features

Answer 1

Enclosed in membrane, has cytosol, chromosomes and ribosomes

Question 2

Prokaryotes

Answer 2

Single-celled organisms that lack internal membrane-bound organelles and have no nucleus, with circular DNA. 1-10 micom in L and 0.2 to 2 microm in W

Question 3

Eukaryotes

Answer 3

Uni or multicelled organisms with internal membrane-bound organelles with a nucleus and linear chromosomes. Reactions happen simultaneously without interfering with eachother

Question 4

Cytoplasm

Answer 4

Is where metabolic chemical reactions occur. Cytosol is the semi-liquid part and contains dissolved substances

Question 5

Ribosomes

Answer 5

Site of protein synthesis, amino acids join to form proteins. Proteins are needed for cell growth, repair and functioning

Question 6

Genetic material (Prokaryotes)

Answer 6

Circular chromosomes within cytoplasm. Gives instructions for making amino acids. Has plasmids

Question 7

Nucleus

Answer 7

Where DNA is found, which codes for different proteins, by doing this it can coordinate activity of the cell. The membrane keeps DNA separate and makes it easier for DNA to be copied and organised during cell division. Nucluolus produces ribosomes and nuclear pore allow for communication

Question 8

Cell membrane

Answer 8

flexible phospholipid bilayer controlling the entry and exit of substances

Question 9

ER

Answer 9

An interconnecting system of thin membrane sheets dividing into channels sn compartments. Membrane pinches to form vesicles and deliver substance. Transports materials such as proteins also allow a surface for chem reactions. Can be smooth or rough. The amount of ser depends on types of cell(liver cell detox)

Question 10

Golgi body

Answer 10

Collects, packages, modifies, and distributes materials. Can modify materials from ER and manufactures macromolecules. Sorts into vesicles

Question 11

Lysosome

Answer 11

A sac of enzymes that digest foreign substances and macromolecules. Formed by the Golgi body and splits large organic compounds into simpler ones so recycle old cell. Can destroy the whole cell if burts (apoptosis)

Question 12

Mitochondria

Answer 12

Site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP

Question 13

Centrioles

Answer 13

Major role in cell division. Centresomes at the end of the cell, lose to the nucleus. Spindle fibres grow from. Centrosomes has pairs of centrioles

Question 14

Chloroplast

Answer 14

Site of photosynthesis , light from sun gets converted to chemical energy in carbohydrates

Question 15

Cell walls

Answer 15

Made of cellulose fibers, protecting the cell and maintaining its shape while preventing excessive uptake of water

Question 16

Large vacuole

Answer 16

Stores water nutrients, metabolic wastes, and toxins ready for removal. In plants a full vacuole provides rigidity

Question 17

Specialized and unspecialized cells

Answer 17

Most cells are specialised to preform a specific task, stem cells are unspecialised cells that have poteintial to develop into many different kinds of cells and keep dividng (brain- nural cell, heart–cardiac muscle, bone marrow–rbcs)

Question 18

Photosynthesis

Answer 18

Metabolic process converting suns light energy to stored chemical energy in carbohydrates. The formula is co2+h20 (+light )–> glucose + oxygen. Plants do via chlorophyll

Question 19

Chlorophyll

Answer 19

A pigment in the chloroplast that absorbs light to make it available during photosynthesis. Occurs in the stroma and thylakoid membrane. The internal membrane of chloroplast increases sa by folds so more reactions. Own dna, rna like prokaryotes.

Question 20

Cell resp

Answer 20

Uses glucose, and the chem bonds are broken providing energy in a usable form (stored chem energy to ATP), producing o2 and co2. First takes place in the cytoplasm and then the membrane of mitochondria

Question 21

Pro/eucaryote evolution

Answer 21

Endosymbiotic theory states that eukaryotic cells formed when a bacterial cell was ingested by another prokaryotic cell. As larger P cells engulfed it via phagocytosis. the bacteria escaped being digested and formed a symbiotic relationship with the host. m and C Evolved via endosymbiosis where one species lives in another. M AND C reprod like bacteria

Question 22

Similarities between mitochondia and chloroplast

Answer 22

Both come from existing M AND C, 2 membranes, own genetic info

Question 23

Synth of complex molecules

Answer 23

Living cells are involved in synthesising molecules to maintain biochemical processes such as communication, the transformation of energy and the relay of gene info. molecule synth by monomers

Question 24

Monomers

Answer 24

Small molecules, many copies of which are linked to make the polymer. EG, carb, protein, and nucleotide. Not lipid, composed of distinct chem group of atoms

Question 25

Biomacromolecules

Answer 25

Large organic, complex molecules in living things

Question 26

Carbs

Answer 26

1:2:1 ratio. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Used as an energy source and structural component. Can form with other molecules to form more compounds (glycoprotein)

Question 27

Lipids

Answer 27

Include fats, oils and phospholipids, glycolipids, and steroids. Insoluble. Store energy, a structural component of the membrane, and specific biological function (transmission of signal). Fats and oil in plants and animals comp of triglycerides (glycerol and 3 fatty acids). SER

Question 28

Proteins

Answer 28

Building blocks of many diff structures and control life processes (channel protein). C, H, O, N (P AND S). Made of amino acids. 20 standard amino acids but 9 essential as they cannot be synthesised

Question 29

Nucleic acids

Answer 29

DNA and RNA. Made of nucleotides in the double helix. Genetic code guides the production of proteins. Nucleolus synth of rRNA and ribosomes