Types of blood vessels Flashcards
Types of blood vessels;
Blood flows from the heart to ?
Arteries to Arterioles to capillaries to Venules to veins to the heart.
What are the three layers (tunics) in the walls of the blood vessels?
Tunica interna (intima) Tunica media Tunica externa (adventitia)
What type of the three layer (tunics) in the walls of the blood is this?
____- deepest layer
o Endothelium - simple squamous epithelium lining the lumen, continuous with the cardiac endocardium.
o Subepithelium – loose areolar connective tissue and the basement membrane for the endothelium
o Internal Elastic Laminae - elastic connective tissue
Tunica interna (intima)
In Tunica interna (intima)
_____- simple squamous epithelium lining the lumen, continuous with the cardiac endocardium.
Endothelium
In Tunica interna (intima)
____-loose areolar connective tissue and the basement membrane for the endothelium
Subepithelium
In Tunica interna (intima)
____- elastic connective tissue
Internal Elastic Laminae
What type of the three layer (tunics) in the walls of the blood is this?
_____-middle layer containing mostly smooth muscle.
o Vasoconstriction- contraction of smooth muscle leads to decrease lumen diameter.
Functions to control blood flow & blood pressure
o External Elastic Laminae - made of elastic connective tissue
Tunica media
In Tunica media:
_____- contraction of smooth muscle leads to decrease lumen diameter.
Functions to control blood flow & blood pressure
Vasoconstriction
In Tunica media:
_____-made of elastic connective tissue
External Elastic Laminae
What type of the three layer (tunics) in the walls of the blood is this?
____-superficial layer contains mostly fibrous connective tissue
o Functions to anchor the vessel to the surrounding tissue
o Contains the Vaso vasorum in large vessels
The vessels blood supply, provides nutrients to cells of the vessel wall
Tunica externa (adventitia)
What carries blood away from the heart?
Arteries
• All ____ have relatively thick walls that can withstand the high pressure of blood ejected from the heart.
Arteries
In Arteries
_____-larger arteries close to the heart that have the thickest walls, containing a high percentage of elastic fibers in all three of their tunics.
Examples: Aorta, Brachiocephalic trunk, Common Carotid arteries & Subclavian arteries.
Elastic arteries
In Arteries
_____-medium sized arteries further from the heart that have a relatively high proportion of smooth muscle in their tunica media.
Includes all named arteries that are not listed above as elastic arteries.
Muscular arteries
In Arteries
_____-are very small arteries that lead to capillaries.
Arterioles
In Arteries
____.
To small and numerous to be individually named.
Resistance vessels: critical in slowing down—or resisting—blood flow and, thus, causing a substantial drop in blood pressure.
Primary site of both resistance and regulation of blood pressure
Vascular smooth muscle regulates the diameter of the blood vessel to control blood pressure, resistance, and flow.
Arterioles
_____-carry blood toward the heart
Veins
____-
•Compared to arteries, veins are thin-walled vessels with large and irregular lumens that carry blood at low pressure.
•Because they are low-pressure vessels, larger veins are commonly equipped with valves that promote the unidirectional flow of blood toward the heart and prevent backflow toward the capillaries caused by the inherent low blood pressure in veins as well as the pull of gravity.
o Veins contain approximately 64 percent of the blood volume
Veins
_____-are extremely small veins that drain blood from capillaries.
Venules
____-the smallest blood vessels that provide the site for exchange of substances between the blood and other tissues.
Capillaries
In capillaries
____-control the flow of blood through the capillary beds
o Smooth muscle that respond to local controls
Precapillary sphincters
______-most common type of capillary found in almost all vascularized tissues.
o Characterized by a complete endothelial lining with tight junctions between endothelial cells.
Intercellular clefts are small spaces between endothelial cells that allow substances to pass through the capillary wall.
Continuous capillaries
____-have pores (fenestrations) that make the capillary permeable to larger molecules and enable bulk flow to carry fluids at a high rate.
o Found in kidney, small intestine, and several endocrine organs.
Fenestrated capillaries
____-the least common type of capillary have extensive intercellular gaps and incomplete basement membranes making them highly permeable to larger molecules and cells.
o Found in liver, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes.
Sinusoids
What are the factors that influence diffusion in capillary bed?
- Minimal diffusion distance
- Maximized surface area for exchange (600m2)
- Maximized time for exchange (slow velocity of flow)
Major blood vessels of the body.
____-when two or more blood vessels join and supply the same body region. Most organs receive blood from more than one arterial branch which allows alternative paths for blood to flow.
Anastomosis
Major blood vessels of the body.
_____-subdivision of systemic circuit that carries blood to and from heart.
Coronary Circuit
Major blood vessels of the body.
_____-branch off from the ascending aorta.
Left and right coronary arteries
Major blood vessels of the body.
____-arises from the left coronary artery and follows the coronary sulcus to the left. Eventually, it will fuse with the small branches of the right coronary artery.
Circumflex artery
Major blood vessels of the body.
_____-also known as the left anterior descending artery (LAD), is the second major branch arising from the left coronary artery. It follows the anterior interventricular sulcus around the pulmonary trunk. Along the way it gives rise to numerous smaller branches that interconnect with the branches of the posterior interventricular artery, forming anastomoses.
Anterior interventricular artery
Major blood vessels of the body.
______-proceeds along the coronary sulcus and distributes blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the heart conduction system.
Right coronary artery
Major blood vessels of the body.
_____-arise from the right coronary artery inferior to the right atrium. The marginal arteries supply blood to the superficial portions of the right ventricle.
Marginal arteries
Major blood vessels of the body.:
On the posterior surface of the heart, the right coronary artery gives rise to the ________, also known as the posterior descending artery. It runs along the posterior portion of the interventricular sulcus toward the apex of the heart, giving rise to branches that supply the interventricular septum and portions of both ventricles
posterior interventricular artery
Major blood vessels of the body.
_______-drain the heart and generally parallel the large surface arteries.
Coronary veins
Major blood vessels of the body.
_____-can be seen initially on the surface of the heart following the interventricular sulcus, but it eventually flows along the coronary sulcus into the coronary sinus on the posterior surface. The great cardiac vein initially parallels the anterior interventricular artery and drains the areas supplied by this vessel. It receives several major branches including the middle cardiac vein, and the small cardiac vein. The middle cardiac vein parallels and drains the areas supplied by the posterior interventricular artery. The small cardiac vein parallels the right coronary artery and drains the blood from the posterior surfaces of the right atrium and ventricle.
Great cardiac vein
Major blood vessels of the body.
_____-is a large, thin-walled vein on the posterior surface of the heart lying within the coronary sulcus and emptying directly into the right atrium.
Coronary sinus
Arteries supplying the head:
____-first branch off of the aorta, travels superiorly towards the clavicle and branches into the right common carotid and the right subclavian
Brachiocephalic artery
Arteries supplying the head:
____-second branch off the aorta, travels to the head, and branches into the external and internal carotid arteries
Left common carotid artery
Arteries supplying the head:
____-– supplies everything outside the cranium and terminates into the superficial temporal artery
External carotid arteries
Arteries supplying the head:
____– branch from the external carotid to supply the tongue
Lingual arteries
Arteries supplying the head:
_____branch from the external carotid to supply the face
Facial arteries
Arteries supplying the head:
____-– supplies everything inside the cranium. Travels through the carotid foramencarotid canalforamen lacerumcarotid groove
Internal carotid arteries
Arteries supplying the head:
_____-first branch of the subclavian arteries, travels superiorly through cervical transverse foramen and then into the cranium through the foramen magnum
Vertebral arteries
Arteries supplying the head:
_____-– formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries, lies in the basilar portion of the occipital bone and gives of branches that supply the cerebellum, pons, and inner ear
Basilar artery
Arteries supplying the head:
______-circles the pituitary gland, formed by anterior and posterior communicating arteries. Connecting the R. and L. internal carotids and the basilar artery. The multiple supplies into the circle insures the brain will always get and even supply of blood
Circle of Willis
Arteries supplying the head:
_____-branches anteriorly from the Circle of Willis. Supplies the frontal lobe.
Anterior cerebral arteries
Arteries supplying the head:
____-supplies the temporal and parietal lobes
Middle cerebral arteries
Arteries supplying the head:
_____-branches off the basilar artery and supplies the posterior cerebrum
Posterior cerebral arteries
Veins draining the head:
_____-runs sagittally along the top of the falx cerebri, drains into the transverse sinus
Superior sagittal sinus
Veins draining the head:
____-runs sagittally along the bottom of the falx cerebri, drains into the straight sinus posteriorly which then drains into the transverse sinus
Transverse sinus sigmoid sinusbecomes internal jugular as it passes through the jugular foramen and exits the cranium
Inferior sagittal sinus
Veins draining the head:
_____-receive most of the blood draining from the brain, as it descends down the neck it receives blood from the superficial temporal veins and the facial veins. The internal jugular drains into the subclavian veins forming the brachiocephalic veins
Internal jugular
Veins draining the head:
____-drains scalp and face, empties into the subclavian veins
External jugular
Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso
Brachiocephalic
____-brachiocephalic turns into the R. subclavian after the R. common carotid branches, supplies right arm, travels under the clavicle and turns into the axillary artery
Right subclavian
Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso
Brachiocephalic
____-third branch off the aorta, travels under the clavicle and supplies the left arm, turns into the axillary artery
Left subclavian artery
Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso
Brachiocephalic
____-branches off the subclavian just lateral to the branching of the vertebral arteries, supplies thyroid gland and cervical region
Thyrocervical
Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso
Brachiocephalic
____-arise from the subclavian and supply the anterior wall of the thoracic cavity
Internal thoracic
Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso
Brachiocephalic
____-as the subclavian reaches the axillary region (shoulder joint) it becomes the axillary artery
Axillary artery
Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso
Brachiocephalic
____-axillary artery turns into the brachial as it runs down the medial aspect of the humerus. After passing the elbow joint it splits into the radial and ulnar arteries.
Brachial artery
Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso
Brachiocephalic
____-runs down the lateral aspect of the forearm
Radial artery
Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso
Brachiocephalic
____-runs down the medial aspect of the forearm
Ulnar artery
Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso
Brachiocephalic
____-the radial and ulnar arteries anastomose to form the deep and superficial palmar arches
Palmar arches
Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso
Brachiocephalic
_____-arise from the palmar arches and supply the phalanges
Digital arteries
Draining the arm:
____-Digital veins empty into deep or superficial palmar venous archesradial vein or ulnar vainbrachial veinaxillary veinsubclavian veinbrachiocephalicsuperior vena cava
Deep veins of the arm
Draining the arm:
Superficial veins of the arm
___-drain palmar venous arches and runs along the medial underside of the arm. It merges with the brachial vein to become the axillary vein
Basilic vein
Draining the arm:
Superficial veins of the arm
___-runs along the lateral side of the arm and merges with the axillary to become the subclavian
Cephalic vein
Draining the arm:
Superficial veins of the arm
____-– an anastomosis which crosses the anterior elbow and connects the cephalic and basilic veins. This is the most popular site for drawing blood.
Median cubital
Draining the thorax:
____-ascends from the abdominal cavity along the right side of the vertebral column. Drains the right intercostals, esophageal veins, and the hemiazygos vein and empties into the superior vena cava.
Azygos (“unpaired”)
Draining the thorax:
____-drains the left intercostals, crosses in front of the vertebral column at about midthorax and joins the azygos vein
Hemiazygos
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs:
____-thoracic aorta becomes the abdominal aorta once it travels through the diaphragm into the abdominal cavity and runs slightly to the left of the vertebral column until approximately L4 where it splits into the right and left common iliac arteries
Abdominal aorta
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs:
____-supply inferior surface of the diaphragm, arise from the abdominal aorta just inferior to the diaphragm
Inferior phrenic arteries
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
____-unpaired branch off the aorta that branches into the common hepatic, the left gastric artery and the splenic artery
Celiac trunk
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
____-– gives off branches to the liver
Common hepatic artery
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
____-gives off branch to the duodenum
hepatic artery proper
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
____-which turns into the right gastric artery
gastroduodenal artery
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
_____-runs deep to the stomach and supplies the stomach, pancreas, and branches terminate in the spleen
Splenic artery
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
____-supplies the stomach and inferior esophagus
Left gastric artery
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
____-– unpaired branch off the descending aorta, immediately below the celiac trunk. Supplies the small intestines and most of the large intestines.
Superior mesenteric
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
____-branches from superior mesenteric, supplies transverse colon
Middle colic
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
____-branches from superior mesenteric, supplies ascending colon
Right colic
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
_____-branches from superior mesenteric, supplies the ileum and
cecum
Ileocolic
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
____-– originate from the abdominal aorta flanking the base of the superior mesenteric. Supplies the adrenal glands
Suprarenal arteries
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
____-arise on the lateral surface of the abdominal aorta below the superior mesenteric artery. They are short arteries that supply the kidneys
Renal arteries
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
____-pair of arteries that arise off the descending aorta between the superior and inferior mesenteric. In females they supply the ovaries and uterine tubes. In males they are longer and supply the testes
Gonadal arteries
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
_____-– final major unpaired branch of the descending aorta, arises anteriorly and supplies blood to the distal portion of the large intestines and the rectum.
Inferior mesenteric
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
____-– branches off inferior mesenteric, supplies descending colon
Left colic
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
_____-branches off inferior mesenteric, supplies sigmoid colon
Sigmoid -
Arteries supplying the abdominal organs
____-four pairs arise on the posterior lateral walls of the descending aorta and supply the posterior abdominal wall
colon Lumbar arteries
This is a different drainage pattern than seen elsewhere. Blood drained from the digestive organs does not enter directly into the inferior vena cava. This blood fluctuates in nutrients depending on when and what you have eaten. In order to avoid this fluctuation throughout the system blood is first sent to the liver where excess nutrients are stored and detoxification can occur. This blood flow between the digestive organs and the liver is called the hepatic portal system
Veins draining the digestive organs:
Veins draining the digestive organs:
The superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein, and the splenic vein drain into the _________. The liver is then drain by hepatic veins that empty into the inferior vena cava.
hepatic portal vein
Veins draining the digestive organs:
____-drains the all of the small intestines and part of the large intestines
Superior mesenteric vein
Veins draining the digestive organs:
_____-drains the distal portions of the large intestines and the rectum. Joins the splenic vein
Inferior mesenteric vein
Veins draining the digestive organs:
_____-drains spleen, parts of the stomach and pancreas. Joins the superior mesenteric to form the hepatic portal vein.
Splenic vein
Veins draining the digestive organs:
_____-drain the liver and empty into the inferior vena cava
Hepatic veins
Veins draining abdominal cavity:
____– the right drains the gonads and empties into the inferior vena cava while the left side drains superiorly into the left renal vein
Gonadal veins
Veins draining abdominal cavity:
_____-drain the kidneys into the inferior vena cava
Renal veins
Arteries of the Lower Extremities :
Veins draining abdominal cavity
_____-the descending abdominal aorta divides into a right and left common iliac at the level of L4 which will supply the lower abdominal wall, pelvic organs and the leg.
Common iliac arteries
Veins draining abdominal cavity
_____-branches from the common iliac at the sacroiliac joint and supplies the pelvic wall and organs (bladder, rectum, reproductive organs)
Internal iliac arteries
Veins draining abdominal cavity
____-the common iliac becomes the external iliac artery once the internal iliac branches off. The external iliac passes under the inguinal ligament to become the femoral artery.
External iliac arteries
Veins draining abdominal cavity
____-travel on the anterior-medial side of the femur, through the adductor magnus muscle and exits on the posterior side of the femur where it becomes the popliteal artery
Femoral arteries
Veins draining abdominal cavity
____-travels behind the knee, through the popliteal (intercondylar) fossa and then branches into the posterior and anterior tibial arteries
Popliteal
Veins draining abdominal cavity
____-runs down the anterior surface of the tibia, supplying extensor muscles. At the ankle it turns into the dorsalis pedis which gives rise to the dorsal arches of the feet.
Anterior tibial arteries
Veins draining abdominal cavity
____-travels down the posterior side of the tibia, supplying the flexor muscles. At the ankle it divides into the lateral and medial plantar arteries which form the plantar arches.
Posterior tibial arteries
Veins Draining the Lower Extremities and Pelvis
_____-drain into the plantar and dorsal venous arches
Digital veins
Veins Draining the Lower Extremities and Pelvis
____-drains the plantar venous arch and travels up the posterior tibia where it is joined by the fibular (peroneal) vein
Posterior tibial veins
Veins Draining the Lower Extremities and Pelvis
____-drains the dorsal venous arch and merges with the posterior tibial at the knee to form the popliteal vein
Anterior tibial veins
Veins Draining the Lower Extremities and Pelvis
____-crosses the knee and is joined by the small saphenous vein to form the femoral vein
Popliteal veins
Veins Draining the Lower Extremities and Pelvis
____-superficial vein, runs on the lateral aspect of the leg from the dorsal venous arch to the popliteal vein which it drains into
Femoral veins
Small saphenous veins
Lower Extremities and Pelvis
____-drains the thigh, is joined proximally by the femoral circumflex, deep femoral vein, and the great saphenous vein. The femoral vein then crosses under the inguinal ligament and becomes the external iliac vein
Femoral veins
Lower Extremities and Pelvis
____-longest vein of the body. It runs on the medial aspect of the leg and thigh from the dorsal venous arches to the femoral vein which it empties into just distal to the inguinal ligament
Great saphenous veins
Lower Extremities and Pelvis
____- is joined by the internal iliac vein to become the common iliac vein
External iliac veins
Lower Extremities and Pelvis
____-the right and left common iliac veins merge to become the inferior vena cava
Common iliac veins
