Types of blood vessels Flashcards by Yuri Diaz

Types of blood vessels;

Blood flows from the heart to ?

Arteries to
Arterioles to
capillaries to 
Venules to
veins to the  heart.

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What are the three layers (tunics) in the walls of the blood vessels?

Tunica interna (intima) 
Tunica media 
Tunica externa (adventitia)

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What type of the three layer (tunics) in the walls of the blood is this?
____- deepest layer
o Endothelium - simple squamous epithelium lining the lumen, continuous with the cardiac endocardium.
o Subepithelium – loose areolar connective tissue and the basement membrane for the endothelium
o Internal Elastic Laminae - elastic connective tissue

Tunica interna (intima)

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In Tunica interna (intima)

_____- simple squamous epithelium lining the lumen, continuous with the cardiac endocardium.

Endothelium

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In Tunica interna (intima)

____-loose areolar connective tissue and the basement membrane for the endothelium

Subepithelium

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In Tunica interna (intima)

____- elastic connective tissue

Internal Elastic Laminae

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What type of the three layer (tunics) in the walls of the blood is this?
_____-middle layer containing mostly smooth muscle.
o Vasoconstriction- contraction of smooth muscle leads to decrease lumen diameter.
 Functions to control blood flow & blood pressure
o External Elastic Laminae - made of elastic connective tissue

Tunica media

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In Tunica media:
_____- contraction of smooth muscle leads to decrease lumen diameter.
 Functions to control blood flow & blood pressure

Vasoconstriction

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In Tunica media:

_____-made of elastic connective tissue

External Elastic Laminae

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What type of the three layer (tunics) in the walls of the blood is this?
____-superficial layer contains mostly fibrous connective tissue
o Functions to anchor the vessel to the surrounding tissue
o Contains the Vaso vasorum in large vessels
 The vessels blood supply, provides nutrients to cells of the vessel wall

Tunica externa (adventitia)

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What carries blood away from the heart?

Arteries

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• All ____ have relatively thick walls that can withstand the high pressure of blood ejected from the heart.

Arteries

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In Arteries
_____-larger arteries close to the heart that have the thickest walls, containing a high percentage of elastic fibers in all three of their tunics.
 Examples: Aorta, Brachiocephalic trunk, Common Carotid arteries & Subclavian arteries.

Elastic arteries

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In Arteries
_____-medium sized arteries further from the heart that have a relatively high proportion of smooth muscle in their tunica media.
 Includes all named arteries that are not listed above as elastic arteries.

Muscular arteries

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In Arteries

_____-are very small arteries that lead to capillaries.

Arterioles

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In Arteries
____.
 To small and numerous to be individually named.
 Resistance vessels: critical in slowing down—or resisting—blood flow and, thus, causing a substantial drop in blood pressure.
 Primary site of both resistance and regulation of blood pressure
 Vascular smooth muscle regulates the diameter of the blood vessel to control blood pressure, resistance, and flow.

Arterioles

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_____-carry blood toward the heart

Veins

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____-
•Compared to arteries, veins are thin-walled vessels with large and irregular lumens that carry blood at low pressure.
•Because they are low-pressure vessels, larger veins are commonly equipped with valves that promote the unidirectional flow of blood toward the heart and prevent backflow toward the capillaries caused by the inherent low blood pressure in veins as well as the pull of gravity.
o Veins contain approximately 64 percent of the blood volume

Veins

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_____-are extremely small veins that drain blood from capillaries.

Venules

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____-the smallest blood vessels that provide the site for exchange of substances between the blood and other tissues.

Capillaries

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In capillaries
____-control the flow of blood through the capillary beds
o Smooth muscle that respond to local controls

Precapillary sphincters

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______-most common type of capillary found in almost all vascularized tissues.
o Characterized by a complete endothelial lining with tight junctions between endothelial cells.
 Intercellular clefts are small spaces between endothelial cells that allow substances to pass through the capillary wall.

Continuous capillaries

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____-have pores (fenestrations) that make the capillary permeable to larger molecules and enable bulk flow to carry fluids at a high rate.
o Found in kidney, small intestine, and several endocrine organs.

Fenestrated capillaries

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____-the least common type of capillary have extensive intercellular gaps and incomplete basement membranes making them highly permeable to larger molecules and cells.
o Found in liver, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes.

Sinusoids

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What are the factors that influence diffusion in capillary bed?

* Minimal diffusion distance * Maximized surface area for exchange (600m2) * Maximized time for exchange (slow velocity of flow)

Major blood vessels of the body. ____-when two or more blood vessels join and supply the same body region. Most organs receive blood from more than one arterial branch which allows alternative paths for blood to flow.

Anastomosis

Major blood vessels of the body. | _____-subdivision of systemic circuit that carries blood to and from heart.

Coronary Circuit

Major blood vessels of the body. | _____-branch off from the ascending aorta.

Left and right coronary arteries

Major blood vessels of the body. ____-arises from the left coronary artery and follows the coronary sulcus to the left. Eventually, it will fuse with the small branches of the right coronary artery.

Circumflex artery

Major blood vessels of the body. _____-also known as the left anterior descending artery (LAD), is the second major branch arising from the left coronary artery. It follows the anterior interventricular sulcus around the pulmonary trunk. Along the way it gives rise to numerous smaller branches that interconnect with the branches of the posterior interventricular artery, forming anastomoses.

Anterior interventricular artery

Major blood vessels of the body. ______-proceeds along the coronary sulcus and distributes blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the heart conduction system.

Right coronary artery

Major blood vessels of the body. _____-arise from the right coronary artery inferior to the right atrium. The marginal arteries supply blood to the superficial portions of the right ventricle.

Marginal arteries

Major blood vessels of the body.: On the posterior surface of the heart, the right coronary artery gives rise to the ________, also known as the posterior descending artery. It runs along the posterior portion of the interventricular sulcus toward the apex of the heart, giving rise to branches that supply the interventricular septum and portions of both ventricles

posterior interventricular artery

Major blood vessels of the body. | _______-drain the heart and generally parallel the large surface arteries.

Coronary veins

Major blood vessels of the body. _____-can be seen initially on the surface of the heart following the interventricular sulcus, but it eventually flows along the coronary sulcus into the coronary sinus on the posterior surface. The great cardiac vein initially parallels the anterior interventricular artery and drains the areas supplied by this vessel. It receives several major branches including the middle cardiac vein, and the small cardiac vein. The middle cardiac vein parallels and drains the areas supplied by the posterior interventricular artery. The small cardiac vein parallels the right coronary artery and drains the blood from the posterior surfaces of the right atrium and ventricle.

Great cardiac vein

Major blood vessels of the body. _____-is a large, thin-walled vein on the posterior surface of the heart lying within the coronary sulcus and emptying directly into the right atrium.

Coronary sinus

Arteries supplying the head: ____-first branch off of the aorta, travels superiorly towards the clavicle and branches into the right common carotid and the right subclavian

Brachiocephalic artery

Arteries supplying the head: | ____-second branch off the aorta, travels to the head, and branches into the external and internal carotid arteries

Left common carotid artery

Arteries supplying the head: | ____-– supplies everything outside the cranium and terminates into the superficial temporal artery

External carotid arteries

Arteries supplying the head: | ____-- branch from the external carotid to supply the tongue

Lingual arteries

Arteries supplying the head: | _____branch from the external carotid to supply the face

Facial arteries

Arteries supplying the head: ____-– supplies everything inside the cranium. Travels through the carotid foramencarotid canalforamen lacerumcarotid groove

Internal carotid arteries

Arteries supplying the head: _____-first branch of the subclavian arteries, travels superiorly through cervical transverse foramen and then into the cranium through the foramen magnum

Vertebral arteries

Arteries supplying the head: _____-– formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries, lies in the basilar portion of the occipital bone and gives of branches that supply the cerebellum, pons, and inner ear

Basilar artery

Arteries supplying the head: ______-circles the pituitary gland, formed by anterior and posterior communicating arteries. Connecting the R. and L. internal carotids and the basilar artery. The multiple supplies into the circle insures the brain will always get and even supply of blood

Circle of Willis

Arteries supplying the head: | _____-branches anteriorly from the Circle of Willis. Supplies the frontal lobe.

Anterior cerebral arteries

Arteries supplying the head: | ____-supplies the temporal and parietal lobes

Middle cerebral arteries

Arteries supplying the head: | _____-branches off the basilar artery and supplies the posterior cerebrum

Posterior cerebral arteries

Veins draining the head: | _____-runs sagittally along the top of the falx cerebri, drains into the transverse sinus

Superior sagittal sinus

Veins draining the head: ____-runs sagittally along the bottom of the falx cerebri, drains into the straight sinus posteriorly which then drains into the transverse sinus Transverse sinus sigmoid sinusbecomes internal jugular as it passes through the jugular foramen and exits the cranium

Inferior sagittal sinus

Veins draining the head: _____-receive most of the blood draining from the brain, as it descends down the neck it receives blood from the superficial temporal veins and the facial veins. The internal jugular drains into the subclavian veins forming the brachiocephalic veins

Internal jugular

Veins draining the head: | ____-drains scalp and face, empties into the subclavian veins

External jugular

Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso Brachiocephalic ____-brachiocephalic turns into the R. subclavian after the R. common carotid branches, supplies right arm, travels under the clavicle and turns into the axillary artery

Right subclavian

Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso Brachiocephalic ____-third branch off the aorta, travels under the clavicle and supplies the left arm, turns into the axillary artery

Left subclavian artery

Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso Brachiocephalic ____-branches off the subclavian just lateral to the branching of the vertebral arteries, supplies thyroid gland and cervical region

Thyrocervical

Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso Brachiocephalic ____-arise from the subclavian and supply the anterior wall of the thoracic cavity

Internal thoracic

Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso Brachiocephalic ____-as the subclavian reaches the axillary region (shoulder joint) it becomes the axillary artery

Axillary artery

Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso Brachiocephalic ____-axillary artery turns into the brachial as it runs down the medial aspect of the humerus. After passing the elbow joint it splits into the radial and ulnar arteries.

Brachial artery

Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso Brachiocephalic ____-runs down the lateral aspect of the forearm

Radial artery

Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso Brachiocephalic ____-runs down the medial aspect of the forearm

Ulnar artery

Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso Brachiocephalic ____-the radial and ulnar arteries anastomose to form the deep and superficial palmar arches

Palmar arches

Arteries supplying the upper extremities and torso Brachiocephalic _____-arise from the palmar arches and supply the phalanges

Digital arteries

Draining the arm: ____-Digital veins empty into deep or superficial palmar venous archesradial vein or ulnar vainbrachial veinaxillary veinsubclavian veinbrachiocephalicsuperior vena cava

Deep veins of the arm

Draining the arm: Superficial veins of the arm ___-drain palmar venous arches and runs along the medial underside of the arm. It merges with the brachial vein to become the axillary vein

Basilic vein

Draining the arm: Superficial veins of the arm ___-runs along the lateral side of the arm and merges with the axillary to become the subclavian

Cephalic vein

Draining the arm: Superficial veins of the arm ____-– an anastomosis which crosses the anterior elbow and connects the cephalic and basilic veins. This is the most popular site for drawing blood.

Median cubital

Draining the thorax: ____-ascends from the abdominal cavity along the right side of the vertebral column. Drains the right intercostals, esophageal veins, and the hemiazygos vein and empties into the superior vena cava.

Azygos (“unpaired”)

Draining the thorax: | ____-drains the left intercostals, crosses in front of the vertebral column at about midthorax and joins the azygos vein

Hemiazygos

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs: ____-thoracic aorta becomes the abdominal aorta once it travels through the diaphragm into the abdominal cavity and runs slightly to the left of the vertebral column until approximately L4 where it splits into the right and left common iliac arteries

Abdominal aorta

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs: | ____-supply inferior surface of the diaphragm, arise from the abdominal aorta just inferior to the diaphragm

Inferior phrenic arteries

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs | ____-unpaired branch off the aorta that branches into the common hepatic, the left gastric artery and the splenic artery

Celiac trunk

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs | ____-– gives off branches to the liver

Common hepatic artery

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs | ____-gives off branch to the duodenum

hepatic artery proper

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs | ____-which turns into the right gastric artery

gastroduodenal artery

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs | _____-runs deep to the stomach and supplies the stomach, pancreas, and branches terminate in the spleen

Splenic artery

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs | ____-supplies the stomach and inferior esophagus

Left gastric artery

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs ____-– unpaired branch off the descending aorta, immediately below the celiac trunk. Supplies the small intestines and most of the large intestines.

Superior mesenteric

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs | ____-branches from superior mesenteric, supplies transverse colon

Middle colic

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs | ____-branches from superior mesenteric, supplies ascending colon

Right colic

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs _____-branches from superior mesenteric, supplies the ileum and cecum

Ileocolic

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs | ____-– originate from the abdominal aorta flanking the base of the superior mesenteric. Supplies the adrenal glands

Suprarenal arteries

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs ____-arise on the lateral surface of the abdominal aorta below the superior mesenteric artery. They are short arteries that supply the kidneys

Renal arteries

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs ____-pair of arteries that arise off the descending aorta between the superior and inferior mesenteric. In females they supply the ovaries and uterine tubes. In males they are longer and supply the testes

Gonadal arteries

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs _____-– final major unpaired branch of the descending aorta, arises anteriorly and supplies blood to the distal portion of the large intestines and the rectum.

Inferior mesenteric

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs | ____-– branches off inferior mesenteric, supplies descending colon

Left colic

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs | _____-branches off inferior mesenteric, supplies sigmoid colon

Sigmoid -

Arteries supplying the abdominal organs | ____-four pairs arise on the posterior lateral walls of the descending aorta and supply the posterior abdominal wall

colon Lumbar arteries

This is a different drainage pattern than seen elsewhere. Blood drained from the digestive organs does not enter directly into the inferior vena cava. This blood fluctuates in nutrients depending on when and what you have eaten. In order to avoid this fluctuation throughout the system blood is first sent to the liver where excess nutrients are stored and detoxification can occur. This blood flow between the digestive organs and the liver is called the hepatic portal system

Veins draining the digestive organs:

Veins draining the digestive organs: The superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein, and the splenic vein drain into the _________. The liver is then drain by hepatic veins that empty into the inferior vena cava.

hepatic portal vein

Veins draining the digestive organs: | ____-drains the all of the small intestines and part of the large intestines

Superior mesenteric vein

Veins draining the digestive organs: | _____-drains the distal portions of the large intestines and the rectum. Joins the splenic vein

Inferior mesenteric vein

Veins draining the digestive organs: | _____-drains spleen, parts of the stomach and pancreas. Joins the superior mesenteric to form the hepatic portal vein.

Splenic vein

Veins draining the digestive organs: | _____-drain the liver and empty into the inferior vena cava

Hepatic veins

Veins draining abdominal cavity: ____-- the right drains the gonads and empties into the inferior vena cava while the left side drains superiorly into the left renal vein

Gonadal veins

Veins draining abdominal cavity: | _____-drain the kidneys into the inferior vena cava

Renal veins

Arteries of the Lower Extremities : Veins draining abdominal cavity _____-the descending abdominal aorta divides into a right and left common iliac at the level of L4 which will supply the lower abdominal wall, pelvic organs and the leg.

Common iliac arteries

Veins draining abdominal cavity _____-branches from the common iliac at the sacroiliac joint and supplies the pelvic wall and organs (bladder, rectum, reproductive organs)

Internal iliac arteries

Veins draining abdominal cavity ____-the common iliac becomes the external iliac artery once the internal iliac branches off. The external iliac passes under the inguinal ligament to become the femoral artery.

External iliac arteries

Veins draining abdominal cavity ____-travel on the anterior-medial side of the femur, through the adductor magnus muscle and exits on the posterior side of the femur where it becomes the popliteal artery

Femoral arteries

Veins draining abdominal cavity ____-travels behind the knee, through the popliteal (intercondylar) fossa and then branches into the posterior and anterior tibial arteries

Popliteal

Veins draining abdominal cavity ____-runs down the anterior surface of the tibia, supplying extensor muscles. At the ankle it turns into the dorsalis pedis which gives rise to the dorsal arches of the feet.

Anterior tibial arteries

Veins draining abdominal cavity ____-travels down the posterior side of the tibia, supplying the flexor muscles. At the ankle it divides into the lateral and medial plantar arteries which form the plantar arches.

Posterior tibial arteries

Veins Draining the Lower Extremities and Pelvis | _____-drain into the plantar and dorsal venous arches

Digital veins

Veins Draining the Lower Extremities and Pelvis | ____-drains the plantar venous arch and travels up the posterior tibia where it is joined by the fibular (peroneal) vein

Posterior tibial veins

Veins Draining the Lower Extremities and Pelvis | ____-drains the dorsal venous arch and merges with the posterior tibial at the knee to form the popliteal vein

Anterior tibial veins

Veins Draining the Lower Extremities and Pelvis | ____-crosses the knee and is joined by the small saphenous vein to form the femoral vein

Popliteal veins

Veins Draining the Lower Extremities and Pelvis ____-superficial vein, runs on the lateral aspect of the leg from the dorsal venous arch to the popliteal vein which it drains into Femoral veins

Small saphenous veins

Lower Extremities and Pelvis ____-drains the thigh, is joined proximally by the femoral circumflex, deep femoral vein, and the great saphenous vein. The femoral vein then crosses under the inguinal ligament and becomes the external iliac vein

Femoral veins

Lower Extremities and Pelvis ____-longest vein of the body. It runs on the medial aspect of the leg and thigh from the dorsal venous arches to the femoral vein which it empties into just distal to the inguinal ligament

Great saphenous veins

Lower Extremities and Pelvis | ____- is joined by the internal iliac vein to become the common iliac vein

External iliac veins

Lower Extremities and Pelvis | ____-the right and left common iliac veins merge to become the inferior vena cava

Common iliac veins