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The Heart/ urinary/ reproductive > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the digestive system:

_____-taking food in, occurs in the mouth.

A

Ingestion

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2
Q

Function of the digestive system:
____-breaking down food into smaller molecules
*Mechanical Digestion
*Chemical Digestion

A

Digestion

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3
Q

Function of the digestive system:
Digestion
_____-physical process that breaks food down into smaller pieces but does not change the chemical nature of the food. Converting food into smaller particles increases surface area and mobility.

A

*Mechanical Digestion

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4
Q

Function of the digestive system:
Digestion:
____-the process of breaking chemical bonds of molecules in food to produce smaller molecules.

A

Chemical Digestion

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5
Q

Function of the digestive system:

_____-movement of food along the digestive tract

A

Propulsion

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6
Q

Function of the digestive system:
Propulsion:
____: the process of moving food from the mouth to the stomach commonly known as swallowing.

A

Deglutition

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7
Q

Function of the digestive system:
Propulsion
____-Involuntary waves of contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract that propels digestive material forward.

A

Peristalsis

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8
Q

Function of the digestive system:

____-transport of nutrients from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract to the blood

A

Absorption

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9
Q

Function of the digestive system:
____-elimination of waste and indigestible substances from the gastrointestinal tract as feces that passes through the anal canal

A

Defecation

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10
Q

____-also known as the gastrointestinal (G.I.) tract, is a tube extending from the proximal opening of the mouth to the distal opening of the anus, contents of lumen are considered outside of the body.

A

Alimentary Canal

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11
Q

Part of the Alimentary canal:
____-functions include ingestion, mastication, mixes food with saliva and forms a bolus (rounded mass), early stages of chemical digestion for carbohydrates and fats, voluntary phase of deglutition (swallowing).

A

Mouth

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12
Q

Part of the Alimentary canal:

____-functions include the pharyngeal phase of deglutition.

A

Pharynx

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13
Q

Part of the Alimentary canal:

____-functions include the esophageal phase of deglutition.

A

Esophagus

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14
Q

Part of the Alimentary canal:
____-functions include secretion of acidic gastric juice that is antimicrobial and performs early stages of chemical digestion for proteins, and churning (muscular contractions that mix gastric juice with a bolus) leading to formation of chyme (semi-fluid composed of partially digested food) from a bolus

A

Stomach

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15
Q

Part of the Alimentary canal:
_____-primary location of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption.

Divided into three major regions:

  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ilium
A

Small Intestine

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16
Q

Part of the Alimentary canal:
Small intestine

Divided into three major regions:
_____– short proximal segment (~20-25cm) that receives chyme from stomach and exocrine secretions from the pancreas and liver/gall bladder. Responsible for most chemical digestion and some nutrient absorption.

A

Duodenum

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17
Q

Alimentary canal:
Small intestine

Divided into three major regions:
____-long middle segment (2-3 m) responsible for most nutrient absorption. Surface is highly folded with large circular folds called plicae circulares covered in smaller folds called villi.

A

Jejunum

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18
Q

Small intestine

Divided into three major regions:
____-longest and most distal segment (2.5-3.5 m) responsible for some nutrient absorption, drains into the large intestine. Contains numerous clusters of lymphoid tissue called Peyer’s patches.

A

Ilium

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19
Q

____-absorbs most of remaining water and some nutrients, forms feces, eliminates feces in the process of defecation.

A

Large Intestine (colon)

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20
Q

____-assist with digestion

A

Accessory organs

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21
Q

Accessory organs
____-produce saliva that lubricates food and contains the enzymes (salivary amylase) that initiate chemical digestion of carbohydrates. Also contains enzymes and antibodies that aid with barrier defenses to protect against infection.

A

Salivary glands

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22
Q

Accessory organs

____-produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

A

Pancreas

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23
Q

Accessory organs

____-produces bile salts which emulsify lipids to aid with chemical digestion and absorption of lipid soluble nutrients

A

Liver

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24
Q

Accessory organs

____-stores concentrates and releases bile salts

A

Gallbladder

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25
Q

_____- mastication (chewing) begins mechanical digestion by breaking food into smaller pieces

A

Teeth

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26
Q

Teeth:

what are the two set we have in a life time called?

A

Deciduous teeth
and
Permanent teeth

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27
Q

How many Deciduous teeth are there and when do they emerge?

A

20 teeth, emerge from ages 6 to 24 months

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28
Q

How many permanent teeth are there, and when do they emerge?

A

32 teeth, most emerge from ages 6-12 yrs, 3rd molar 17-25 yrs

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29
Q

____-named according to shape & function-Incisors (2 per quadrant), Canines (1 per quadrant), Premolars (2 per quadrant replace the deciduous molars) & Molars (3 per quadrant)

A

Teeth

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30
Q

Structure of a tooth:

____-exposed portion of the tooth

A

Crown

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31
Q

Structure of a tooth:

____-hardest substance in the body - covers the crown

A

Enamel

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32
Q

Structure of a tooth:

____-contacts the gingiva (gums)

A

Neck

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33
Q

Structure of a tooth:

_____-connected to the dental alveolus (tooth socket) by the periodontal ligament.

A

Root

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34
Q

Structure of a tooth:

____-deep to the enamel, consists of calcified CT & gives the tooth its shape

A

Dentin

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35
Q

Structure of a tooth

____-blood vessels and nerves, root canals extend into the root

A

Pulp cavity

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36
Q

Structure of a tooth

____– surrounds the dentin in the roots, attaches the root to the periodontal ligament

A

Cementum

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37
Q

____-superficial to the masseter muscles, duct opens near 2nd upper molar

A

Parotid

38
Q

____-lies on the medial aspect of the mandible, duct opens near base of the lingual frenulum (fold of mucous membrane connecting the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity).

A

Submandibular

39
Q

______-lie under the tongue, 10-12 ducts open to floor of the oral cavity.

A

Sublingual

40
Q

Esophagus:
_____-innermost layer lining the lumen, mucus membrane epithelium
o Epithelium—non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium.

A

Mucosa

41
Q

Esophagus:

_____-dense irregular CT layer, contains nervous tissue, large blood vessels, and large lymphatic vessels.

A

Submucosa

42
Q

Esopahgus
____-layers of muscle and nervous tissue surrounding the submucosa. Composed of skeletal muscle in the proximal region and smooth muscle through the middle and distal portions.

A

Muscularis externa

43
Q

Esopahgus

_____-superficial sheath of dense irregular CT.

A

Adventitia

44
Q

Stomach:

____-innermost layer lining the lumen, mucus membrane epithelium

A

Mucosa

45
Q

Stomach:
Mucosa
____-Simple columnar epithelium. Folds in to form gastric pits (glands) that contain the cells that secrete gastric juice.

A

Epithelium

46
Q

Stomach:
Mucosa
_____-layer of areolar connective tissue, contains numerous blood and lymphatic vessels that transport nutrients following absorption

A

Lamina propria

47
Q

Stomach:
Mucosa
____-layer of smooth muscle in the stomach and intestines that forms the border between mucosa and submucosa and contracts to produces folds that increase surface area.

A

Muscularis interna-

48
Q

Stomach:

_____-dense CT layer, contains nervous tissue, large blood vessels, and large lymphatic vessels.

A

Submucosa

49
Q

Stomach:

____-layers of muscle and nervous tissue surrounding the submucosa. Composed of smooth muscle arranged in three layers.

A

Muscularis externa

50
Q

Stomach:
Muscularis externa
_____-deepest layer.

A

Oblique layer

51
Q

Stomach:
Muscularis externa
_____-middle layer.

A

Circular layer

52
Q

Stomach:
Muscularis externa
_____-superficial layer.

A

Longitudinal layer

53
Q

Stomach
____-also known as the visceral layer of the peritoneal membrane this serous membrane forms outermost lining and attaches to the mesentery (folds of the peritoneal membrane)

A

Serosa

54
Q

Stomach
Serosa:
o Mesentery of the stomach:
____-between the liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach. Contains the left and right gastric arteries.

A

Lesser omentum

55
Q

Stomach
Serosa:
o Mesentery of the stomach:
____-extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and drapes inferiorly over the anterior of the intestines folding up to attach to the transverse colon.

A

Greater omentum

56
Q

____-– innermost layer lining the lumen, mucus membrane epithelium. Folds into large folds called plicae circulares (largest in jejunum).

A

Mucosa

57
Q

Mucosa
Jejunum
______-Simple columnar epithelium with a brush border of microvilli to increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients. Folds into finger like projections called villi and indentations called intestinal crypts.
 Villi are longest in the jejunum

A

Epithelium

58
Q

Mucosa
Jejunum
_____-layer of areolar connective tissue, contains numerous blood and lymphatic vessels that transport nutrients following absorption

A

Lamina propria

59
Q

Mucosa
Jejunum
____- Contains glands that have ducts connecting to intestinal crypts

A

Lamina propria

60
Q

Mucosa
Jejunum:
Lamina propria:

• Numerous submucosal glands in the duodenum known as ______ produce a mucous that protects from the acidity of the chyme entering from the stomach

A

Brunner’s glands

61
Q

Mucosa
Jejunum:
Lamina propria:

 Contains clusters of _______ that make up the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
• Numerous Peyer’s Patches are present in the ilium.

A

lymphocytes

62
Q

_____-– dense CT layer, contains nervous tissue, large blood vessels, and large lymphatic vessels.

A

Submucosa

63
Q

_____-layers of muscle and nervous tissue surrounding the submucosa. Composed of smooth muscle organized into two layers:
Circular layer and the Longitudinal layer

A

Muscularis externa

64
Q

Muscularis externa:
What layer is this?
_____-deep layer contraction decreases diameter of the lumen.

A

Circular layer

65
Q

Muscularis externa:
What layer is this?
_____-contractions decrease the length of the alimentary canal.

A

Longitudinal layer

66
Q

_____-also known as the visceral layer of the peritoneal membrane this serous membrane forms outermost lining and attaches to the mesentery (folds of the peritoneal membrane)
o Mesentery of the small intestine:

*Mesentery proper

A

Serosa

67
Q

Serosa
Mesentery of the small intestine:
_____-connects small intestines to the posterior wall of the abdomen. Contains the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries and veins.

A

Mesentery proper

68
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

• Located within the RUQ, inferior to the diaphragm, protected by the ribcage.

69
Q

What is the structure of the liver?

A

Four lobes:
Right (larger) and left lobes
Caudate lobe
Quadrate lobe

70
Q

What structure of the liver is this?

_____-are separated by the falciform ligament (mesentery that connects the liver to the anterior wall of the abdomen).

A

Right (larger) and left lobes

71
Q

What structure of the liver is this?

____-on the posterior along the right side of the inferior vena cava.

A

Caudate lobe

72
Q

What structure of the liver is this?

____-rectangular shaped lobe immediately to the left of the gallbladder.

A

Quadrate lobe

73
Q

Histology of the liver

_____-structural units of the liver, consisting of plates of hepatocytes situated around a central vein

A

Lobules

74
Q

Histology of the liver
_____-branch of hepatic portal vein, hepatic proper artery, and bile duct
o Blood from the hepatic portal veins and the hepatic arteries empty into sinusoids then drains through the central vein to hepatic veins exiting the liver.

A

Portal Triads

75
Q

Histology of the liver
______-liver cells lining the sinusoids
 Absorb and secrete materials into the blood
 Produce bile

A

Hepatocytes

76
Q

Histology of the liver:
Hepatocytes
_____-narrow channels that carry bile away from the hepatocytes empty into bile ducts at the portal triad
 Bile is stored in the gall bladder then secreted into the duodenum to emulsify fats (increases surface area for fat digestion and absorption)

A

Bile Canaliculi

77
Q

Path of bile from the liver:

1.______ merge to form common hepatic duct

A

Right and left hepatic ducts

78
Q

Path of bile from the liver:

2. Common hepatic duct merges with the ______ coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct

A

cystic duct

79
Q

Path of bile from the liver:

3. The common bile duct merges with the main pancreatic duct to empty into the _______

A

duodenum

80
Q

Where is the pancreas located at?

A

Located behind the stomach and parietal layer of the peritoneal membrane (retroperitoneal)

81
Q

Histology of the pancreas

_____-endocrine cells producing hormones

A

Islets of Langerhans

82
Q

Histology of the pancreas
_____-clusters of exocrine cells producing the pancreatic juices containing bicarbonate (neutralizes the acidity of chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach) and digestive enzymes.

A

Pancreatic acini

83
Q

Histology of the pancreas:
Pancreatic acini:

 Pancreatic juice is excreted through the pancreatic ducts into the ____

A

duodenum.

84
Q

Colon;

_____-innermost layer lining the lumen, mucus membrane epithelium.

A

Mucosa

85
Q

Colon: Mucosa
_____-Simple columnar epithelium with a brush border of microvilli. Contains numerous goblet cells. Infoldings form indentations called intestinal crypts (glands) but there are no villi in the colon.

A

Epithelium

86
Q

Colon: Mucosa

_____-layer of areolar connective tissue, contains numerous blood and lymphatic vessels.

A

Lamina propria

87
Q

Colon;

____-dense CT layer, contains nervous tissue, large blood vessels, and large lymphatic vessels.

A

Submucosa

88
Q

Colon;
_____-layers of muscle and nervous tissue surrounding the submucosa. Composed of smooth muscle organized into two layers:

A

Muscularis externa

89
Q

Colon;
Muscularis externa
______-deep layer contraction decreases diameter of the lumen.

A

Circular layer

90
Q

Colon;
Muscularis externa
_____-contractions decrease the length of the alimentary canal. Forms three narrow parallel bands called the tenia coli that produce the haustra (bulging pouch like segments of the colon).

A

Longitudinal layer

91
Q

Colon;
_____-also known as the visceral layer of the peritoneal membrane, this serous membrane forms outermost lining and attaches to the mesentery (folds of the peritoneal membrane)
o Mesentery of the colon (mesocolon):
 Transverse Mesocolon-

A

Serosa

92
Q

Colon;
Serosa:
o Mesentery of the colon (mesocolon):
______-connects transverse colon to the posterior wall of the abdomen. Contains the middle colic artery.

A

Transverse Mesocolon

The Heart/ urinary/ reproductive (7 decks)

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