TYPES OF ANESTHESIA: LOCAL, REGIONAL, GENERAL (Part 1) Flashcards
What are the four types of anesthesia as defined by the American Society of Anesthesiologists?
General Anesthesia (GA), Regional Anesthesia (RA), Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC), Local Anesthesia (LA)
What are the two main categories of general anesthesia?
Intravenous Anesthesia and Inhalational/Volatile (Gas) Anesthesia
What are the two categories of Regional Anesthesia?
Central Nerve Blocks (Neuraxial Anesthesia) and Peripheral Nerve Blocks
What are the three types of Central Nerve Blocks?
Spinal Anesthesia, Epidural Anesthesia, Caudal Anesthesia
Name two examples of Peripheral Nerve Blocks.
Digital Nerve Block and Dorsal Penile Nerve Block
What is Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC)?
A type of anesthesia that involves sedation and monitoring without loss of consciousness
What is the only inhalational anesthetic that can be used solely as an induction agent?
Sevoflurane
Name two drugs used for Rapid Sequence Induction (RSI).
Succinylcholine and Rocuronium
What are the five steps in the conduct of general anesthesia?
Preoxygenation, Induction, Intubation, Maintenance, Reversal and Emergence
What are the basic tools for intubation?
Macintosh and Miller laryngoscope blades
What is the purpose of the anesthesia machine?
To provide oxygenation, ventilation, and administration of inhaled anesthetics
What is Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC)?
The concentration of an inhalational anesthetic at which 50% of patients will not respond to a surgical stimulus
How does MAC change with age?
MAC decreases by 6% per decade of age
Name the three agents used to reverse non-depolarizing muscle relaxants.
Neostigmine, Edrophonium, Glycopyrrolate
What is the reversal agent for rocuronium and vecuronium?
Sugammadex
What is the sensory nerve supply of the airway?
Trigeminal nerve, Glossopharyngeal nerve, and Vagus nerve
What is the effect of unilateral superior laryngeal nerve injury?
Minimal effect or subtle clinical findings
What is the effect of bilateral superior laryngeal nerve injury?
Hoarseness or easy tiring of the voice
What is the effect of unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury?
Hoarseness
What is the effect of bilateral acute recurrent laryngeal nerve injury?
Stridor and respiratory distress
What is the effect of bilateral chronic recurrent laryngeal nerve injury?
Aphonia
What is the effect of unilateral vagus nerve injury?
Hoarseness
What is the effect of bilateral vagus nerve injury?
Aphonia
Which nerve injury is most likely to cause respiratory distress?
Bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury
What drug is commonly used in Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) as both an induction and maintenance agent?
Propofol
What is the purpose of preoxygenation in general anesthesia?
To increase oxygen reserves and prevent hypoxia during induction
What is the cricothyroid membrane used for in airway management?
It is incised during a surgical airway if intubation is impossible
Which sedation level involves reducing anxiety without affecting consciousness?
Minimum sedation (anxiolysis)
Which sedation level is typically used for procedures like colonoscopy or endoscopy?
Deep sedation