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AAA-ANESTHESIOLOGY > ANESTHESIA: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY > Flashcards

ANESTHESIA: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY Flashcards

1
Q

What plant did Dioscorides associate with narcotic-like effects in the first century A.D.?

A

Mandragora

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2
Q

What did Bailey’s An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) define anesthesia as?

A

A defect of sensation

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3
Q

How did the 1771 Encyclopedia Britannica define anesthesia?

A

Privation of the senses

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4
Q

Who first proposed the modern use of the term ‘anesthesia’ in 1846?

A

Oliver Wendell Holmes

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5
Q

What are the key components of anesthesia as proposed by Oliver Wendell Holmes?

A

Amnesia, analgesia, and narcosis

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6
Q

What is included in the preoperative evaluation and assessment in anesthesiology?

A

Assessment, consultation, and preparation of patients for anesthesia

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7
Q

What is the role of anesthesiologists during surgical, obstetric, therapeutic, and diagnostic procedures?

A

Relief and prevention of pain

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8
Q

What is the anesthesiologist’s responsibility during a procedure?

A

Monitoring and maintaining normal physiology

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9
Q

Who are the intensivists among medical professionals?

A

Anesthesiologists

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10
Q

What pain types do anesthesiologists diagnose and treat?

A

Acute, chronic, and cancer-related pain

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11
Q

What areas of care are anesthesiologists involved in besides surgery?

A

Hospice, palliative care, and critical care

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12
Q

What historical substances were used by ancient Egyptians for premedication?

A

Opium poppy (morphine) and hyoscyamus (scopolamine)

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13
Q

What did Incan surgeons use as local anesthesia in the 1500s?

A

Coca leaves chewed and spat onto the operative site

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14
Q

What is an example of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent?

A

Succinylcholine

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15
Q

Who prepared ether for the first time in 1540?

A

Valerius Cordus

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16
Q

Who used ether as an anesthetic in humans in 1842?

A

Crawford W. Long and William E. Clark

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17
Q

When is World Anesthesia Day celebrated?

A

October 16

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18
Q

Who conducted the first publicized demonstration of ether?

A

William Thomas Green Morton

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19
Q

Who prepared chloroform around 1831?

A

Moldenhawer, Von Liebig, Guthrie, and Soubeiran

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20
Q

Who introduced chloroform into clinical practice to relieve labor pains?

A

Sir James Simpson

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21
Q

Why was chloroform eventually abandoned?

A

It caused cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory depression, and hepatotoxicity

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22
Q

Who produced nitrous oxide in 1772?

A

Joseph Priestley

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23
Q

Who first noted the analgesic properties of nitrous oxide in 1800?

A

Humphry Davy

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24
Q

Who used nitrous oxide for dental procedures in 1844?

A

Gardner Colton and Horace Wells

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25
Why was nitrous oxide initially less popular than ether or chloroform?
Low potency and risk of asphyxiation
26
Who popularized the use of chloroform during Queen Victoria's childbirth?
John Snow
27
What is John Snow recognized for apart from anesthesiology?
Tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, England, in 1854
28
What anesthetic rivaled ether after being introduced in 1934?
Cyclopropane
29
What year marked the introduction of halothane, the first non-flammable potent fluorinated hydrocarbon?
1956
30
Which inhalation anesthetic requires a special vaporizer due to environmental concerns?
Desflurane
31
What are the primary inhalation anesthetics available in the Philippines today?
Sevoflurane and isoflurane
32
What is the significance of MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) in inhalational anesthesia?
It is the concentration at which 50% of patients will not feel pain or a surgical incision
33
Who introduced modern local anesthesia using topical cocaine in 1884?
Carl Koller
34
Who isolated cocaine from the coca plant in 1855?
Gaedicke
35
Who purified cocaine in 1860?
Albert Niemann
36
Who demonstrated the use of cocaine in intradermal infiltrations and nerve blocks?
William Halsted
37
Who administered the first spinal anesthetic in 1898?
August Bier
38
What is the Bier Block, introduced by August Bier in 1908?
An intravenous regional anesthesia technique
39
Who synthesized procaine in 1904?
Alfred Einhorn
40
Who introduced the clinical use of procaine and added epinephrine to prolong its effects?
Heinrich Braun
41
Who introduced caudal and epidural anesthesia in 1901?
Ferdinand Cathelin and Jean Sicard
42
Who perfected the Loss of Resistance Technique (LORT) for lumbar epidural anesthesia?
Achille Dogliotti
43
Who first described percutaneous blocks of the brachial plexus in 1911?
Unknown (not specified in notes)
44
Who invented the hollow needle and syringe in 1858?
Alexander Wood
45
What significant development did Alexander Wood contribute to medicine?
Hypodermic injections of morphine for neuralgia treatment
46
What local anesthetic is popular for spinal anesthesia due to its long duration?
Bupivacaine
47
Which local anesthetics are less cardiotoxic than bupivacaine?
Ropivacaine and levobupivacaine
48
What local anesthetic is commonly used in dental procedures?
Articaine
49
Who used chloral hydrate as an anesthetic in 1872?
Ore
50
What anesthetic combination did Bredenfield use in 1916?
Morphine and scopolamine
51
Who synthesized barbiturates in 1903?
Fischer and von Mering
52
What was the first barbiturate used for induction?
Diethylbarbituric acid (Barbital)
53
Who synthesized thiopental in 1932?
Volwiler and Tabern
54
Who used thiopental clinically for the first time in 1934?
John Lundy and Ralph Waters
55
Who synthesized methohexital in 1957?
V.K. Stoelting
56
What was the first benzodiazepine synthesized in 1955?
Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
57
Who synthesized etomidate in 1964?
Paul Janssen
58
Who synthesized ketamine in 1962?
Calvin Stevens
59
What is dissociative anesthesia, released in 1970?
A state induced by ketamine
60
Who synthesized propofol in 1973?
Unknown (UK clinical tests in 1977, released in 1986/1989)
61
What was the first known neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA)?
Curare
62
Who first used curare clinically in 1942?
Harold Griffin and Enid Johnson
63
What is the only depolarizing muscle relaxant?
Succinylcholine
64
Who synthesized succinylcholine in 1949?
Bovet
65
Who isolated morphine from opium in 1805?
Sertürner
66
Who introduced the concept of balanced anesthesia in 1926?
John S. Lundy
67
Who is considered the first anesthesiologist?
John Snow
68
What book did John Snow publish on general anesthesia?
On The Inhalation Of Ether
69
Who invented the jaw-thrust maneuver to avoid airway obstruction?
Joseph T. Clover
70
Who invented the oral airway and wrote the first true textbook on anesthesia?
Frederick Hewitt
71
Who formed the London Society of Anesthesia in 1893?
J.F. Silk
72
Who performed the first elective tracheal intubation in Scotland?
William McEwan
73
Who invented the straight laryngoscope blade in 1941?
Robert Miller
74
Who invented the curved laryngoscope blade in 1941?
Robert Macintosh
75
Who emphasized the importance of controlled respiration in anesthesiology?
Ralph M. Waters
76
What is balanced anesthesia?
The use of multiple drugs to induce unconsciousness, muscle relaxation, and anti-nociception
77
Which opioid was synthesized in 1939, reigniting interest in opioids?
Meperidine (Pethidine or Demerol)
78
Who was instrumental in forming the American Board of Anesthesiology?
John S. Lundy
79
Who popularized the cuffed endotracheal tube and artificial ventilation?
Arthur E. Guedel
80
Who pioneered the carbon dioxide absorber in 1915?
Dennis Jackson
81
Who developed the copper kettle vaporizer?
Lucien Morris
82
What is the function of a vaporizer in anesthesia equipment?
Turns fluid anesthesia into vapors
83
Who contributed to the development of blood pressure monitoring in anesthesia?
George Crile and Harvey Cushing
84
Who stated that pulse oximetry is the most important technological advancement in patient monitoring?
Dr. John Severinghaus
85
What are the two determinants of pulse oximetry?
Oxygenation/oxygen saturation and pulse reading
86
What does PSA stand for in Philippine anesthesiology?
Philippine Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc.
87
What is RASPhil, formerly known as RASP?
Regional Anesthesia Society of the Philippines
88
Why is the Pain Society of the Philippines considered an affiliate rather than a specialty society?
Its members include surgeons, internists, and family medicine practitioners, not just anesthesiologists
89
What is the role of the Philippine Board of Anesthesiology?
Certifies specialists in the art and science of anesthesiology
90
What is the mission of the Philippine Board of Anesthesiology?
To improve the quality of anesthesiology healthcare in the Philippines by ensuring and improving graduate medical education
91
What is the vision of the Philippine Board of Anesthesiology?
To inspire and lead in setting high standards for anesthesiology practice and education in the Philippines
92
Who is considered the Father of Modern Anesthesia in the Philippines?
Quintin Juan Gomez
93
What are Quintin Juan Gomez's contributions to Philippine anesthesiology?
Set up the first training program at PGH, became president of WFSA in 1976, and was the first editor of the journal of anesthesia
94
What is the vision of the Philippine Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc.?
To promote world-class Filipino anesthesiologists pursuing the PSA mission with pride and fulfillment
95
What is the mission of the Philippine Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc.?
To maintain a community of responsible anesthesiologists providing safe and quality anesthesia care
96
What are the shared values of the Philippine Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc.?
Commitment to quality care, concern for members, and professional growth
97
What is the main goal of the Philippine Board of Anesthesiology's training and certification process?
To ensure quality education and safe anesthesia practice
98
Who were key figures in the evolution of anesthesia monitoring and equipment?
George Crile, Harvey Cushing, Lucien Morris, and Dennis Jackson

AAA-ANESTHESIOLOGY (14 decks)

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