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AAA-ANESTHESIOLOGY > ANESTHESIA: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY > Flashcards

ANESTHESIA: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY Flashcards

1
Q

What plant did Dioscorides associate with narcotic-like effects in the first century A.D.?

A

Mandragora

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2
Q

What did Bailey’s An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) define anesthesia as?

A

A defect of sensation

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3
Q

How did the 1771 Encyclopedia Britannica define anesthesia?

A

Privation of the senses

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4
Q

Who first proposed the modern use of the term ‘anesthesia’ in 1846?

A

Oliver Wendell Holmes

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5
Q

What are the key components of anesthesia as proposed by Oliver Wendell Holmes?

A

Amnesia, analgesia, and narcosis

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6
Q

What is included in the preoperative evaluation and assessment in anesthesiology?

A

Assessment, consultation, and preparation of patients for anesthesia

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7
Q

What is the role of anesthesiologists during surgical, obstetric, therapeutic, and diagnostic procedures?

A

Relief and prevention of pain

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8
Q

What is the anesthesiologist’s responsibility during a procedure?

A

Monitoring and maintaining normal physiology

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9
Q

Who are the intensivists among medical professionals?

A

Anesthesiologists

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10
Q

What pain types do anesthesiologists diagnose and treat?

A

Acute, chronic, and cancer-related pain

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11
Q

What areas of care are anesthesiologists involved in besides surgery?

A

Hospice, palliative care, and critical care

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12
Q

What historical substances were used by ancient Egyptians for premedication?

A

Opium poppy (morphine) and hyoscyamus (scopolamine)

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13
Q

What did Incan surgeons use as local anesthesia in the 1500s?

A

Coca leaves chewed and spat onto the operative site

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14
Q

What is an example of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent?

A

Succinylcholine

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15
Q

Who prepared ether for the first time in 1540?

A

Valerius Cordus

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16
Q

Who used ether as an anesthetic in humans in 1842?

A

Crawford W. Long and William E. Clark

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17
Q

When is World Anesthesia Day celebrated?

A

October 16

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18
Q

Who conducted the first publicized demonstration of ether?

A

William Thomas Green Morton

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19
Q

Who prepared chloroform around 1831?

A

Moldenhawer, Von Liebig, Guthrie, and Soubeiran

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20
Q

Who introduced chloroform into clinical practice to relieve labor pains?

A

Sir James Simpson

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21
Q

Why was chloroform eventually abandoned?

A

It caused cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory depression, and hepatotoxicity

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22
Q

Who produced nitrous oxide in 1772?

A

Joseph Priestley

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23
Q

Who first noted the analgesic properties of nitrous oxide in 1800?

A

Humphry Davy

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24
Q

Who used nitrous oxide for dental procedures in 1844?

A

Gardner Colton and Horace Wells

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25
Q

Why was nitrous oxide initially less popular than ether or chloroform?

A

Low potency and risk of asphyxiation

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26
Q

Who popularized the use of chloroform during Queen Victoria’s childbirth?

A

John Snow

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27
Q

What is John Snow recognized for apart from anesthesiology?

A

Tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, England, in 1854

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28
Q

What anesthetic rivaled ether after being introduced in 1934?

A

Cyclopropane

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29
Q

What year marked the introduction of halothane, the first non-flammable potent fluorinated hydrocarbon?

A

1956

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30
Q

Which inhalation anesthetic requires a special vaporizer due to environmental concerns?

A

Desflurane

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31
Q

What are the primary inhalation anesthetics available in the Philippines today?

A

Sevoflurane and isoflurane

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32
Q

What is the significance of MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) in inhalational anesthesia?

A

It is the concentration at which 50% of patients will not feel pain or a surgical incision

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33
Q

Who introduced modern local anesthesia using topical cocaine in 1884?

A

Carl Koller

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34
Q

Who isolated cocaine from the coca plant in 1855?

A

Gaedicke

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35
Q

Who purified cocaine in 1860?

A

Albert Niemann

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36
Q

Who demonstrated the use of cocaine in intradermal infiltrations and nerve blocks?

A

William Halsted

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37
Q

Who administered the first spinal anesthetic in 1898?

A

August Bier

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38
Q

What is the Bier Block, introduced by August Bier in 1908?

A

An intravenous regional anesthesia technique

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39
Q

Who synthesized procaine in 1904?

A

Alfred Einhorn

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40
Q

Who introduced the clinical use of procaine and added epinephrine to prolong its effects?

A

Heinrich Braun

41
Q

Who introduced caudal and epidural anesthesia in 1901?

A

Ferdinand Cathelin and Jean Sicard

42
Q

Who perfected the Loss of Resistance Technique (LORT) for lumbar epidural anesthesia?

A

Achille Dogliotti

43
Q

Who first described percutaneous blocks of the brachial plexus in 1911?

A

Unknown (not specified in notes)

44
Q

Who invented the hollow needle and syringe in 1858?

A

Alexander Wood

45
Q

What significant development did Alexander Wood contribute to medicine?

A

Hypodermic injections of morphine for neuralgia treatment

46
Q

What local anesthetic is popular for spinal anesthesia due to its long duration?

A

Bupivacaine

47
Q

Which local anesthetics are less cardiotoxic than bupivacaine?

A

Ropivacaine and levobupivacaine

48
Q

What local anesthetic is commonly used in dental procedures?

A

Articaine

49
Q

Who used chloral hydrate as an anesthetic in 1872?

A

Ore

50
Q

What anesthetic combination did Bredenfield use in 1916?

A

Morphine and scopolamine

51
Q

Who synthesized barbiturates in 1903?

A

Fischer and von Mering

52
Q

What was the first barbiturate used for induction?

A

Diethylbarbituric acid (Barbital)

53
Q

Who synthesized thiopental in 1932?

A

Volwiler and Tabern

54
Q

Who used thiopental clinically for the first time in 1934?

A

John Lundy and Ralph Waters

55
Q

Who synthesized methohexital in 1957?

A

V.K. Stoelting

56
Q

What was the first benzodiazepine synthesized in 1955?

A

Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)

57
Q

Who synthesized etomidate in 1964?

A

Paul Janssen

58
Q

Who synthesized ketamine in 1962?

A

Calvin Stevens

59
Q

What is dissociative anesthesia, released in 1970?

A

A state induced by ketamine

60
Q

Who synthesized propofol in 1973?

A

Unknown (UK clinical tests in 1977, released in 1986/1989)

61
Q

What was the first known neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA)?

A

Curare

62
Q

Who first used curare clinically in 1942?

A

Harold Griffin and Enid Johnson

63
Q

What is the only depolarizing muscle relaxant?

A

Succinylcholine

64
Q

Who synthesized succinylcholine in 1949?

A

Bovet

65
Q

Who isolated morphine from opium in 1805?

A

Sertürner

66
Q

Who introduced the concept of balanced anesthesia in 1926?

A

John S. Lundy

67
Q

Who is considered the first anesthesiologist?

A

John Snow

68
Q

What book did John Snow publish on general anesthesia?

A

On The Inhalation Of Ether

69
Q

Who invented the jaw-thrust maneuver to avoid airway obstruction?

A

Joseph T. Clover

70
Q

Who invented the oral airway and wrote the first true textbook on anesthesia?

A

Frederick Hewitt

71
Q

Who formed the London Society of Anesthesia in 1893?

A

J.F. Silk

72
Q

Who performed the first elective tracheal intubation in Scotland?

A

William McEwan

73
Q

Who invented the straight laryngoscope blade in 1941?

A

Robert Miller

74
Q

Who invented the curved laryngoscope blade in 1941?

A

Robert Macintosh

75
Q

Who emphasized the importance of controlled respiration in anesthesiology?

A

Ralph M. Waters

76
Q

What is balanced anesthesia?

A

The use of multiple drugs to induce unconsciousness, muscle relaxation, and anti-nociception

77
Q

Which opioid was synthesized in 1939, reigniting interest in opioids?

A

Meperidine (Pethidine or Demerol)

78
Q

Who was instrumental in forming the American Board of Anesthesiology?

A

John S. Lundy

79
Q

Who popularized the cuffed endotracheal tube and artificial ventilation?

A

Arthur E. Guedel

80
Q

Who pioneered the carbon dioxide absorber in 1915?

A

Dennis Jackson

81
Q

Who developed the copper kettle vaporizer?

A

Lucien Morris

82
Q

What is the function of a vaporizer in anesthesia equipment?

A

Turns fluid anesthesia into vapors

83
Q

Who contributed to the development of blood pressure monitoring in anesthesia?

A

George Crile and Harvey Cushing

84
Q

Who stated that pulse oximetry is the most important technological advancement in patient monitoring?

A

Dr. John Severinghaus

85
Q

What are the two determinants of pulse oximetry?

A

Oxygenation/oxygen saturation and pulse reading

86
Q

What does PSA stand for in Philippine anesthesiology?

A

Philippine Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc.

87
Q

What is RASPhil, formerly known as RASP?

A

Regional Anesthesia Society of the Philippines

88
Q

Why is the Pain Society of the Philippines considered an affiliate rather than a specialty society?

A

Its members include surgeons, internists, and family medicine practitioners, not just anesthesiologists

89
Q

What is the role of the Philippine Board of Anesthesiology?

A

Certifies specialists in the art and science of anesthesiology

90
Q

What is the mission of the Philippine Board of Anesthesiology?

A

To improve the quality of anesthesiology healthcare in the Philippines by ensuring and improving graduate medical education

91
Q

What is the vision of the Philippine Board of Anesthesiology?

A

To inspire and lead in setting high standards for anesthesiology practice and education in the Philippines

92
Q

Who is considered the Father of Modern Anesthesia in the Philippines?

A

Quintin Juan Gomez

93
Q

What are Quintin Juan Gomez’s contributions to Philippine anesthesiology?

A

Set up the first training program at PGH, became president of WFSA in 1976, and was the first editor of the journal of anesthesia

94
Q

What is the vision of the Philippine Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc.?

A

To promote world-class Filipino anesthesiologists pursuing the PSA mission with pride and fulfillment

95
Q

What is the mission of the Philippine Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc.?

A

To maintain a community of responsible anesthesiologists providing safe and quality anesthesia care

96
Q

What are the shared values of the Philippine Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc.?

A

Commitment to quality care, concern for members, and professional growth

97
Q

What is the main goal of the Philippine Board of Anesthesiology’s training and certification process?

A

To ensure quality education and safe anesthesia practice

98
Q

Who were key figures in the evolution of anesthesia monitoring and equipment?

A

George Crile, Harvey Cushing, Lucien Morris, and Dennis Jackson

AAA-ANESTHESIOLOGY (9 decks)

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