MORGAN ANES PART1

Question 1

Who first proposed the term anesthesia to denote amnesia, analgesia, and narcosis for painless surgery?

Answer 1

Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1846.

Question 2

When was ether first used as an anesthetic agent in humans?

Answer 2

In 1842 by Crawford W. Long and William E. Clark.

Question 3

Who conducted the first publicized demonstration of general anesthesia using ether?

Answer 3

William T.G. Morton on October 16, 1846.

Question 4

Who is credited with the original application of modern local anesthesia?

Answer 4

Carl Koller, who demonstrated topical anesthesia of the eye with cocaine in 1884.

Question 5

What did curare facilitate during surgery?

Answer 5

Tracheal intubation and muscle relaxation.

Question 6

Who is considered the father of the anesthesia specialty?

Answer 6

John Snow.

Question 7

What did the ‘captain of the ship’ doctrine originally imply?

Answer 7

The surgeon was responsible for every aspect of the patient’s perioperative care.

Question 8

Who first used the term anesthesia in the first century AD, and what did it describe?

Answer 8

The Greek philosopher Dioscorides; it described the narcotic-like effects of the plant mandragora.

Question 9

When was the term anesthesiology proposed, and why?

Answer 9

In the second decade of the twentieth century to emphasize the growing scientific basis of the specialty.

Question 10

What does the practice of anesthesiology require familiarity with?

Answer 10

Surgery and subspecialties, internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics, clinical pharmacology, applied physiology, and biomedical technology.

Question 11

What are some responsibilities of anesthesiologists as defined by the American Board of Anesthesiology?

Answer 11

Assessment and preparation for surgery, perioperative care, pain management, resuscitation, respiratory therapy, education, and research.

Question 12

What anesthetic agents were used in ancient times?

Answer 12

Opium poppy, coca leaves, mandrake root, alcohol, and phlebotomy.

Question 13

What techniques were used for regional anesthesia in ancient times?

Answer 13

Compression of nerve trunks (nerve ischemia) and application of cold (cryoanalgesia).

Question 14

Who conducted the first spinal anesthetic, and when?

Answer 14

August Bier in 1898.

Question 15

What led to the introduction of inhalation anesthesia?

Answer 15

The lack of a hypodermic needle before 1855.

Question 16

Who is credited with producing nitrous oxide, and when?

Answer 16

Joseph Priestley in 1772.

Question 17

What was the first inhalation anesthetic agent widely used?

Answer 17

Diethyl ether, first demonstrated by William T.G. Morton in 1846.

Question 18

Who introduced chloroform into clinical practice, and for what purpose?

Answer 18

Sir James Simpson for relieving labor pain.

Question 19

What are the most widely used inhaled anesthetics in developed countries today?

Answer 19

Desflurane and sevoflurane.

Question 20

What was the first synthesized local anesthetic, and by whom?

Answer 20

Procaine, synthesized by Alfred Einhorn in 1904.

Question 21

Who introduced epinephrine to prolong local anesthetics?

Answer 21

Heinrich Braun.

Question 22

What are the most recent additions to local anesthetics with less cardiac toxicity?

Answer 22

Ropivacaine and levobupivacaine.

Question 23

Which inhalation anesthetic agents replaced ether and chloroform due to safety concerns?

Answer 23

Nonflammable fluorinated hydrocarbons such as halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane.

Question 24

Which anesthetic agent remains in use today despite its initial lack of popularity?

Answer 24

Nitrous oxide.

Question 25

Who invented the hypodermic syringe and needle, and when?

Answer 25

Alexander Wood in 1855.

Question 26

What agents were early attempts at intravenous anesthesia?

Answer 26

Chloral hydrate (by Oré in 1872), chloroform and ether (Burkhardt in 1909), and morphine and scopolamine (Bredenfeld in 1916).

Question 27

Who synthesized barbiturates, and when?

Answer 27

Fischer and von Mering in 1903.

Question 28

What was the first barbiturate used for induction of anesthesia?

Answer 28

Diethylbarbituric acid (barbital).

Question 29

Who synthesized thiopental, and when was it first used clinically?

Answer 29

Synthesized by Volwiler and Tabern in 1932; first used clinically by John Lundy and Ralph Waters in 1934.

Question 30

What is the only other barbiturate used for induction of anesthesia in humans?

Answer 30

Methohexital, first used clinically in 1957 by V. K. Stoelting.

Question 31

What discovery led to the extensive use of benzodiazepines in anesthesia?

Answer 31

The discovery of chlordiazepoxide in 1955 and its release in 1960.

Question 32

Who synthesized ketamine, and when was it first used clinically?

Answer 32

Synthesized by Stevens in 1962; first used clinically by Corssen and Domino in 1965.

Question 33

What was the significance of the release of propofol in 1986?

Answer 33

It became a major advance in outpatient anesthesia due to its short duration of action.

Question 34

Who introduced curare into anesthesia, and when?

Answer 34

Harold Griffith and Enid Johnson in 1942.

Question 35

What is the significance of succinylcholine in anesthesia?

Answer 35

Synthesized by Bovet in 1949, it became a standard agent for facilitating tracheal intubation during rapid sequence induction.

Question 36

What was the first synthesized local anesthetic, and when?

Answer 36

Cocaine, isolated from coca leaves in 1855 by Gaedicke.

Question 37

Which opioid was isolated in 1805, and who synthesized it?

Answer 37

Morphine, isolated by Sertürner.

Question 38

What concept did Lundy introduce in 1926?

Answer 38

The concept of balanced anesthesia, using thiopental, nitrous oxide, opioids, and curare.

Question 39

What opioid is rapidly degraded by nonspecific plasma and tissue esterases?

Answer 39

Remifentanil.

Question 40

Who is considered the father of the anesthesia specialty, and why?

Answer 40

John Snow, for his scientific investigations of ether and the physiology of general anesthesia.

Question 41

Who introduced the jaw-thrust maneuver, and what other innovations is he known for?

Answer 41

Dr. Joseph T. Clover, also known for requiring resuscitation equipment during anesthesia and using a cricothyroid cannula.

Question 42

Who developed the first academic department of anesthesiology, and where?

Answer 42

Ralph Waters at the University of Wisconsin in Madison.

Question 43

What was the first organization of physician anesthetists in the United States?

Answer 43

The Long Island Society of Anesthetists, formed in 1905.

Question 44

What was the significance of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)?

Answer 44

It standardized and advanced anesthesiology as a specialty, beginning as the New York Society of Anesthetists in 1911.

Question 45

Who described the signs and stages of general anesthesia?

Answer 45

Arthur E. Guedel.

Question 46

What year did the American Board of Anesthesiology become established?

Answer 46

1938

Question 47

Who was the first professor of anesthesia, and where?

Answer 47

Thomas D. Buchanan at New York Medical College in 1905.

Question 48

When did anesthesia become an officially recognized specialty in England?

Answer 48

In 1947, with the establishment of the Faculty of Anaesthetists by the Royal College of Surgeons.

Question 49

What subspecialties in anesthesia currently have certification requirements in the United States?

Answer 49

Critical care, pain medicine, adult cardiothoracic anesthesia, pediatric anesthesiology, and obstetric anesthesiology.

Question 50

Which anesthetic agents are most widely used for intravenous induction worldwide today?

Answer 50

Propofol.

Question 51

Which inhalation agents replaced ether due to safety concerns?

Answer 51

Halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane.

Question 52

What is the modern role of anesthesiologists?

Answer 52

Perioperative consultants managing non-cutting aspects of patient care, including monitoring, sedation, resuscitation, and regional or general anesthesia.