MORGAN ANES PART1 Flashcards
Who first proposed the term anesthesia to denote amnesia, analgesia, and narcosis for painless surgery?
Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1846.
When was ether first used as an anesthetic agent in humans?
In 1842 by Crawford W. Long and William E. Clark.
Who conducted the first publicized demonstration of general anesthesia using ether?
William T.G. Morton on October 16, 1846.
Who is credited with the original application of modern local anesthesia?
Carl Koller, who demonstrated topical anesthesia of the eye with cocaine in 1884.
What did curare facilitate during surgery?
Tracheal intubation and muscle relaxation.
Who is considered the father of the anesthesia specialty?
John Snow.
What did the ‘captain of the ship’ doctrine originally imply?
The surgeon was responsible for every aspect of the patient’s perioperative care.
Who first used the term anesthesia in the first century AD, and what did it describe?
The Greek philosopher Dioscorides; it described the narcotic-like effects of the plant mandragora.
When was the term anesthesiology proposed, and why?
In the second decade of the twentieth century to emphasize the growing scientific basis of the specialty.
What does the practice of anesthesiology require familiarity with?
Surgery and subspecialties, internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics, clinical pharmacology, applied physiology, and biomedical technology.
What are some responsibilities of anesthesiologists as defined by the American Board of Anesthesiology?
Assessment and preparation for surgery, perioperative care, pain management, resuscitation, respiratory therapy, education, and research.
What anesthetic agents were used in ancient times?
Opium poppy, coca leaves, mandrake root, alcohol, and phlebotomy.
What techniques were used for regional anesthesia in ancient times?
Compression of nerve trunks (nerve ischemia) and application of cold (cryoanalgesia).
Who conducted the first spinal anesthetic, and when?
August Bier in 1898.
What led to the introduction of inhalation anesthesia?
The lack of a hypodermic needle before 1855.
Who is credited with producing nitrous oxide, and when?
Joseph Priestley in 1772.
What was the first inhalation anesthetic agent widely used?
Diethyl ether, first demonstrated by William T.G. Morton in 1846.
Who introduced chloroform into clinical practice, and for what purpose?
Sir James Simpson for relieving labor pain.
What are the most widely used inhaled anesthetics in developed countries today?
Desflurane and sevoflurane.
What was the first synthesized local anesthetic, and by whom?
Procaine, synthesized by Alfred Einhorn in 1904.
Who introduced epinephrine to prolong local anesthetics?
Heinrich Braun.
What are the most recent additions to local anesthetics with less cardiac toxicity?
Ropivacaine and levobupivacaine.
Which inhalation anesthetic agents replaced ether and chloroform due to safety concerns?
Nonflammable fluorinated hydrocarbons such as halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane.
Which anesthetic agent remains in use today despite its initial lack of popularity?
Nitrous oxide.
Who invented the hypodermic syringe and needle, and when?
Alexander Wood in 1855.
What agents were early attempts at intravenous anesthesia?
Chloral hydrate (by Oré in 1872), chloroform and ether (Burkhardt in 1909), and morphine and scopolamine (Bredenfeld in 1916).
Who synthesized barbiturates, and when?
Fischer and von Mering in 1903.
What was the first barbiturate used for induction of anesthesia?
Diethylbarbituric acid (barbital).
Who synthesized thiopental, and when was it first used clinically?
Synthesized by Volwiler and Tabern in 1932; first used clinically by John Lundy and Ralph Waters in 1934.
What is the only other barbiturate used for induction of anesthesia in humans?
Methohexital, first used clinically in 1957 by V. K. Stoelting.
What discovery led to the extensive use of benzodiazepines in anesthesia?
The discovery of chlordiazepoxide in 1955 and its release in 1960.
Who synthesized ketamine, and when was it first used clinically?
Synthesized by Stevens in 1962; first used clinically by Corssen and Domino in 1965.
What was the significance of the release of propofol in 1986?
It became a major advance in outpatient anesthesia due to its short duration of action.
Who introduced curare into anesthesia, and when?
Harold Griffith and Enid Johnson in 1942.
What is the significance of succinylcholine in anesthesia?
Synthesized by Bovet in 1949, it became a standard agent for facilitating tracheal intubation during rapid sequence induction.
What was the first synthesized local anesthetic, and when?
Cocaine, isolated from coca leaves in 1855 by Gaedicke.
Which opioid was isolated in 1805, and who synthesized it?
Morphine, isolated by Sertürner.
What concept did Lundy introduce in 1926?
The concept of balanced anesthesia, using thiopental, nitrous oxide, opioids, and curare.
What opioid is rapidly degraded by nonspecific plasma and tissue esterases?
Remifentanil.
Who is considered the father of the anesthesia specialty, and why?
John Snow, for his scientific investigations of ether and the physiology of general anesthesia.
Who introduced the jaw-thrust maneuver, and what other innovations is he known for?
Dr. Joseph T. Clover, also known for requiring resuscitation equipment during anesthesia and using a cricothyroid cannula.
Who developed the first academic department of anesthesiology, and where?
Ralph Waters at the University of Wisconsin in Madison.
What was the first organization of physician anesthetists in the United States?
The Long Island Society of Anesthetists, formed in 1905.
What was the significance of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)?
It standardized and advanced anesthesiology as a specialty, beginning as the New York Society of Anesthetists in 1911.
Who described the signs and stages of general anesthesia?
Arthur E. Guedel.
What year did the American Board of Anesthesiology become established?
1938
Who was the first professor of anesthesia, and where?
Thomas D. Buchanan at New York Medical College in 1905.
When did anesthesia become an officially recognized specialty in England?
In 1947, with the establishment of the Faculty of Anaesthetists by the Royal College of Surgeons.
What subspecialties in anesthesia currently have certification requirements in the United States?
Critical care, pain medicine, adult cardiothoracic anesthesia, pediatric anesthesiology, and obstetric anesthesiology.
Which anesthetic agents are most widely used for intravenous induction worldwide today?
Propofol.
Which inhalation agents replaced ether due to safety concerns?
Halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane.
What is the modern role of anesthesiologists?
Perioperative consultants managing non-cutting aspects of patient care, including monitoring, sedation, resuscitation, and regional or general anesthesia.
