Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
What causes type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is caused by a T cell autoimmune response causing the destruction of beta cells.
If 90% destruction of the pancreatic beta cells occurs, what symptoms will the patient experience as a result and what molecules cause this effect?
Polyuria (increased urination), polydispia (increased thirstiness) and polyphagia (increased appetite) all occurs due to damage and this is caused by ketone bodies.
How are ketone bodies produced and what causes this mechanism to occur?
Ketone bodies are produced by the metabolism of fat and this occurs when the body precieves itself as starved and uses fat as energy.
What are the characteristics shown by a patient with type 1 diabetes?
The characteristics shown by a patient with type 1 diabetes include weight loss and premature growth cessation.
Insulin replacement is a therapy used in patients with type 1 diabetes. What is the goal of this therapy?
The goal of this therapy is to regulate blood glucose level to prevent progression of long term complications.
How is insulin administered and why is it administered this way?
Insulin is administered parenterally as it is a peptide that can be destroyed by the GI.
Insulin therapy is used to mimic Insulin secretion patterns, what are these patterns?
These pattern remain basal throughout the day until a meal is consumed and it raises for 2 to 4 hours.
What are the 4 classifications of insulin therapy used?
Rapid acting
Short acting
Long acting
Intermediate acting
Give an example of a rapid acting insulin therapy and when it would be used?
Aspart and Lispro is an example of rapid acting insulin and these will be used just before or after a meal to cope with spikes.
Give an example of a short acting insulin formulation and when it would be used?
Soluble insulin is short acting and is used 15-30 mins before a meal.
Give an example of a intermediate insulin agent and when it would be used?
Isophane (insulin with protamine) is an example of a intermediate agent and is used everyday administered once or twice.
Give an example of long acting insulin formulations.
Glargine and Detemir are example of long acting formulations consisting of insulin and zinc.
How is the rapid acting insulin analogue lispro formed?
In this analogue Lys (K) and Pro (P) is switched.
How is the long acting agent glargine formed?
In this analogue 2 arginine extend the beta chain.
How is the rapid acting insulin analogue aspart formed?
This analogue is formed by a substitution of Pro 28 to Asp increasing absorption.
