tutoring - aug 19

Question 1

aldehyde

Answer 1

Aldehydes are carbonyl compounds found ubiquitously in the environment, derived from both natural and anthropogenic sources. As the aldehydes are reactive species, therefore, they are generally toxic to the body.

Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde.

Question 2

ketone bodies

Answer 2

Ketone bodies are the water-soluble molecules containing the ketone group that are produced by the liver from fatty acids during periods of low food intake, carbohydrate restrictive diets, starvation, prolonged intense exercise, alcoholism, or in untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Question 3

Ketones

Answer 3

Ketones are chemicals your liver makes. You produce them when you don’t have enough insulin in your body to turn sugar (or glucose) into energy. You need another source, so your body uses fat instead. Your liver turns this fat into ketones, a type of acid, and sends them into your bloodstream.

Question 4

esters

Answer 4

In chemistry, an ester is a chemical compound derived from an acid in which at least one –OH group is replaced by an –O–alkyl group. Usually, esters are derived from substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

Question 5

What is ester used for?

Answer 5

These and other volatile esters with characteristic odours are used in synthetic flavours, perfumes, and cosmetics. Certain volatile esters are used as solvents for lacquers, paints, and varnishes; for this purpose, large quantities of ethyl acetate and butyl acetate are commercially produced.

Question 6

acid vs base

Answer 6

Acids give off H+ (Hydrogen) ions in water; bases give off OH- (Hydroxide) ions in water. Acids generally taste sour due to the sour H+ ion; bases taste bitter due to the OH- ion; but they may have other tastes depending on the other part of the molecule. … Acids have a pH less than 7 ; Bases have a pH greater than 7.

Question 7

macromolecule

Answer 7

Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all macromolecules. Macromolecules are formed by many monomers linking together, forming a polymer. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

They are typically composed of thousands of atoms or more. A substance that is composed of macromolecules is called a polymer.

Question 8

Is DNA a macromolecule?

Answer 8

Nucleic acids, macromolecules made out of units called nucleotides, come in two naturally occurring varieties: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material found in living organisms, all the way from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals like you and me.

Question 9

DNA vs RNA

Answer 9

DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA contains the sugar ribose. … DNA is a double-stranded molecule, while RNA is a single-stranded molecule. DNA is stable under alkaline conditions, while RNA is not stable. DNA and RNA perform different functions in humans.

Question 10

What are the 4 main differences between DNA and RNA?

Answer 10

DNA has four nitrogen bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine and for RNA instead of thymine, it has uracil. Also, DNA is double-stranded and RNA is single-stranded which is why RNA can leave the nucleus and DNA can’t. Another thing is that DNA is missing an oxygen.

Question 11

RNA

Answer 11

RNA, abbreviation of ribonucleic acid, complex compound of high molecular weight that functions in cellular protein synthesis and replaces DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as a carrier of genetic codes in some viruses.

Question 12

What are the 4 types of bonds?

Answer 12

There are four types of bonds or interactions: ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions. Ionic and covalent bonds are strong interactions that require a larger energy input to break apart.

Question 13

Is covalent bond electrostatic?

Answer 13

The electrostatic attraction between the positively charged nuclei of the bonded atoms and the negatively charged electrons they share., the atoms are held together by the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged nuclei of the bonded atoms and the negatively charged electrons they share

Question 14

Polar, non-polar, ionic bonds

Answer 14

Electronegativity - compare to elements - and see if one is more electronnegative than the other -

that tells you what kind of a bond they form - you can see this on the periodic chart

Question 15

if difference >2 -

Answer 15

one particle will steal the other’s electron- forming an IONIC bond

Question 16

if difference <1.7

Answer 16

two atoms share the electron - form covalent bond - can be polar or nonpolar

Question 17

if > 0.5 polar covalent bond

Answer 17

hogs the electron - so it is partially negative, and the element that is not able to hog it is termed partically positive

Question 18

if < 0.5 nonpolar

Answer 18

electrons share more or less evenly - if same element - Precisely evenly

Question 19

can figure out how two elements will bond by comparing thei?

Answer 19

electronegatively

Question 20

aliphatic amino acids?

Answer 20

Not rings - not aromatic

Question 21

cation, cathode

Answer 21

molecule with positive charge, the positively charged electrode of an electrical device

Question 22

zwitterion

Answer 22

molecule with both negative and positive charge