Metabolism Flashcards
Difference between glucose and glycogen?
glucose - sugar in blood stream, glycogen - store glucose
Glucose is the sugar in our bloodstream that our body uses for energy. Glycogen is a stored form of energy. After eating, when there is too much glucose to be used, the extra glucose is converted to glycogen to be stored.
How does glucose become glycogen?
Glycogenesis
Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from glucose. Glycogen is synthesized depending on the demand for glucose and ATP (energy). If both are present in relatively high amounts, then the excess of insulin promotes the glucose conversion into glycogen for storage in liver and muscle cells.
What happens to glycogen if not used?
When the level begins to decline—either because you have not eaten or are burning glucose during exercise—insulin levels will also drop. When this happens, an enzyme called glycogen phosphorylase starts breaking glycogen down to supply the body with glucose.
Where is glycogen stored?
The two major sites of glycogen storage are the liver and skeletal muscle. The concentration of glycogen is higher in the liver than in muscle (10% versus 2% by weight), but more glycogen is stored in skeletal muscle overall because of its much greater mass.
Where does glycose come from?
Glucose or sugar comes from the food we eat. Carbohydrates such as fruit, bread pasta and cereals are common sources of glucose. These foods are broken down into sugar in our stomachs, and then absorbed into the bloodstream
how does insulin work on glucose
Insulin helps your body turn blood sugar (glucose) into energy. It also helps your body store it in your muscles, fat cells, and liver to use later, when your body needs it. After you eat, your blood sugar (glucose) rises. This rise in glucose triggers your pancreas to release insulin into the bloodstream.
How store lipids in body?
triglycerides - TAG
Lipolysis?
TAG- > glycerol + FA
Lipogenesis?
glycerol +FA -> TAG
Beta oxidation?
Fatty acids to Acetyl-Coa
Kreb cycle?
glucose and other molecules are broken down in the presence of oxygen into carbon dioxide and water to release chemical energy in the form of ATP.
If eating too much sugar and can’t use -
Lipogenesis
If breaking down Fats for energy?
Lipolysis (Glycerol + Fatty Acids) -
Glycerol -> DHAP
FA -> Acetylcoa (16c -> 8 x 2 c)
3 pathways (4) of gluconeogenesis?
AA, Lactic Acid, glycerol + Odd chain FA (17 on the chain so one space 3c to use)
Why do we need pentose phosphate pathway?
The pentose phosphate pathway is primarily catabolic and serves as an alternative glucose oxidizing pathway for the generation of NADPH that is required for reductive biosynthetic reactions such as those of cholesterol biosynthesis, bile acid synthesis, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and fatty acid synthesis.
glycolysis vs gluconeogenesis?
glycolysis makes ATP . Gluconeogenesis makes glucose
what do ribosomes do?
make proteins
endothelial cells?
The endothelium is a thin layer of single flat (squamous) cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Endothelium is of mesodermal origin. Both blood and lymphatic capillaries are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells called a monolayer.
ependymal cells ?
are simple cuboidal cells that line the ventricles in the brain and the central canal in the spinal cord.
trophic center ?
Any part of the central nervous system whose proper functioning is thought to be necessary for the nutrition, growth, or maintenance of a peripheral part of the body; such as, the parietal lobe for the development of the muscles of an extremity.
What affects membrane capacitance?
The membrane capacitance is proportional to the cell surface area and, together with the membrane resistance, determines the membrane time constant which dictates how fast the cell membrane potential responds to the flow of ion channel currents.
Guillain-Barre syndrome
is a rare disorder in which your body’s immune system attacks your nerves. Weakness and tingling in your extremities are usually the first symptoms. These sensations can quickly spread, eventually paralyzing your whole body.
peroximsomes - refsum disease, Zellweger, adrenoleukodystrophy
synthesize cholesterol, bile acids and plasmalogenes (important membrane phosopholipid - esp white brain matter)
A major function of the peroxisome is the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids through beta oxidation. In animal cells, the long fatty acids are converted to medium chain fatty acids, which are subsequently shuttled to mitochondria where they eventually are broken down to carbon dioxide and water.
peroxisome vs lysosome?
They differ from lysosomes in the type of enzyme they hold. Peroxisomes hold on to enzymes that require oxygen (oxidative enzymes). Lysosomes have enzymes that work in oxygen-poor areas and lower pH. Peroxisomes absorb nutrients that the cell has acquired.
Protein catabolism,
done by peroxisomes, as well as ethanol catabolism
the breakdown of macromolecules, is essentially a digestion process. … The amino acids produced by catabolism may be directly recycled to form new proteins, converted into different amino acids, or can undergo amino acid catabolism to be converted to other compounds via the Krebs cycle.
kartagener’s syndrome - restaurant - take out only, there’s no Dynein
immotile cilia - dynin arm defect - auto recess
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT)
is a group of inherited conditions that damage the peripheral nerves. It’s also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) or peroneal muscular atrophy (PMA)
Diabetic neuropathy
is a type of nerve damage that can occur if you have diabetes. High blood sugar (glucose) can injure nerves throughout your body. Diabetic neuropathy most often damages nerves in your legs and feet
a connexon
also known as a connexin hemichannel, is an assembly of six proteins called connexins that form the pore for a gap junction between the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells. This channel allows for bidirectional flow of ions and signaling molecules.
labile cells - most affected by chemotherapy
hair follicles, skin, bone marrow, gut epitheleum, germ cells
are cells that multiply constantly throughout life. The cells are alive for only a short period of time. Due to this, they can end up reproducing new stem cells and replace functional cells.
amino acid residue
When two or more amino acids combine to form a peptide, the elements of water are removed, and what remains of each amino acid is called an amino-acid residue.
procollagen. - exocytosed step 4
Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix in the various connective … This is not yet collagen but its precursor, procollagen.
What is phosphorylation in biology?
the addition of phosphate to an organic compound. Examples include the addition of phosphate to glucose to produce glucose monophosphate and the addition of phosphate to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Alport syndrome - Type 4 collagen, targeted by autoantibodies in Goodpastures
is a genetic condition characterized by kidney disease, hearing loss, and eye abnormalities. People with Alport syndrome experience progressive loss of kidney function. Almost all affected individuals have blood in their urine (hematuria), which indicates abnormal functioning of the kidneys.
type 2 cartilage?
vitreous body, nucleus pulposas, cartwolage, including hyaline
mannose 6 phosphate and ubiquitan
both have to do with destroying cells
SER
steroid synthesis and detox of drugs and poisons
location of glucose 6 phosphatase (last step in glycogenolysis)
Sterically inaccessible or accessible –>
follows TRANSCRIPTIONALLY inactive or active:
mitochondria and DNA?
circular, has it’s own, no histones
DNA - loops how many times around a histone? what’s the charge of a histone, and why
twice - w/ H1 histone linker H1 not part of nucleosome
histone + charge - from lysine and arganine
DNA - negative from Phosphate groups
cation- cathode vs anion, anode
molecule with positive charge, the positively charged electrode of an electrical device
anion - negative
Barr Bodies
inactive X chromosomes
DNA methylation
process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule. Methylation can change the activity of a DNA segment without changing the sequence. When located in a gene promoter, DNA methylation typically acts to repress gene transcription
involved with aging, carcinogenesis, genomic imprinting, transposable element repression and inactivation of X chromosome
histone acetylation?
Acetylation makes DNA ACTIVE
removed histone’s + charge, relaxes coils therefore, transcription
NucleoSide v nucleoTide
Side - Sugar
Tide - phosphaTe
Tide has the PhosphaTe - only can make DNA, RNA - 5 arm links w 3 arm of prior nucleotide in chain - ONLY place to add on
Energy source for bond? in PhosphaTe
phosphodiester bond?
In DNA and RNA, the phosphodiester bond is the linkage between the 3’ carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5’ carbon atom of another, deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA. Strong covalent bonds form between the phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring carbohydrates (pentoses) over two ester bonds.
How is Thymine made?
Uracil is methylated - THYmine, meTHYlation
Deamination
Cytosine -> Uracil
Adenine -> Hypoxanthine
Guanine -> Xanthine
5-methylcytosine -> thymine
is the removal of an amino group from a molecule. Enzymes that catalyse this reaction are called deaminases. In the human body, deamination takes place primarily in the liver, however it can also occur in the kidney.
C-G bonds? 3
like Crazy Glue
Cats PURR until they GAG
purine synthesis - Glycine, Aspartate, Glutamine
Where are nucleotides found?
Nucleotides are the building blocks that constitute the RNA biopolymers found within living cells, messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and long and small noncoding RNAs.
helicase? ENZYME
unwinds strand, clips - uses ATP
single strand stabilization?
single stranded binding proteins - endonucleases would normally destroy the unzipped DNA _
RNA primers?
Primase - start the DNA replication process
