Tutorial Stuff Flashcards
What are the four phases of swallowing?
- Oral phase
- Oral propulsive phase
- Pharyngeal phase
- Esophageal phase
What are the signs and symptoms of dysphagia?
- Coughing or choking
- Change in voice or speech
- Regurgitation
- Tightness in throat
- Repetitive swallow or progressive needs to clear throats
- Odynophagia
What are the energy and protein requirements for dysphagia
- 30-35kcal
- 1.5 g/kg/day
What are the strategies of managing dysphagia?
- Use thick, soft pureed food
- Thicken food using nectar or honey
- Avoid easily aspirated foods
- Moisten foods with small amount of liquids
- Avoid hot liquids, caffeine, alcohol and spicy foods.
- Place the food in the most sensitive area and use cold food.
Describe liver cirrhosis
the end-stage condition resulting from chronic liver disease. It refers to the gradual destruction of liver tissue, leading to scarring of the liver. Cirrhosis can impair liver function and lead to liver failure
State the energy, protein and sodium requirement for liver cirrhosis?
Energy: 20% above resting metabolic rate
Protein: 0.8-1.2 g/kg
Sodium: Restrict to 2,000 mg per day
What are the fluid intake recommendations for ascites?
1.2 to 1.5 L for <128 mEQ/L
1.0 to 1.2 L for <125 mEQ/L
How does portal hypertension happen?
The development of scar tissues from liver cirrhosis impair blood flow in the liver. The resistance to blood flow increases pressure in the portal vein.
State the symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy?
Change in personality, mental abilities, motor function
Hepatic coma
Amnesia, seizures
What are the treatments of hepatic encephalopathy?
- Neomycin and lactulose
- Branched-chain amino acids
- Restricted aromatic amino acids
Describe the four organs associated with Type 2 Diabetes.
Intestines: Increase the absorption of glucose
Muscles & adipose tissues: Cells decrease the uptake of glucose due to insulin resistance
Pancreas: To compensate for insulin resistance, pancreas produces more insulin. Over time, this secretion of insulin is impaired
Liver: Increased hepatic glucose output despite high blood glucose levels
Describe dietary recommendations of fat intake according to AHA for both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
- Minimize the intake of trans fat <1%
- Limit SAFA to <7%
- Take 10% of PUFA
- Take 10-15% of MUFA
- Lower dietary cholesterol to <200mg/day
- Increase the soluble fibre intake to lower serum cholesterol
- Choose lean meats and vegetable alternatives
- Replace unhealthy snacks with mixed nuts 1-2 ozs per day.
What are the benefits of Omega-3?
- Protect against CVD by reducing inflammation
- Reduce cholesterol, LDL and TG
- Reduce risk of cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death
What are the three potential causes of metabolic stress?
- Trauma, major surgical procedures, sepsis
What is SIRS?
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is the inflammatory response during metabolic stress which causes patients to be hyper metabolic.
