Tutorial 9 - ENT (B) - terminology Flashcards
Where are the nasal cavity and nasopharynx in relation to each other?
What are the nares of the nose?
- External nares - Nostrils
- Internal nares - the space where air enters the nasopharynx from the nasal cavity
Describe the anatomy of the nasal septum.
- Anterior portion made from cartilage
- Posterior portion made from bone(ethmoid)
What are the nasal conchae and meatuses?
- Nasal conchae are tiny bony structures which provide a greater surface area for warming/humidification of air. There are 3 of these - inferior, middle and superior.
- Nasal meatuses are found inferior to each respective nasal conchae. They receive the drainage of the nasolacrimal duct and paranasal sinuses.
What is littles area?
- Found on the anterior nasal septum, rich supply of blood, 5 blood vessels anastomise here.
Name the 4 sinuses in the face.
- Ethmoidal
- Maxillary
- Frontal
- Sphenoid
Where are the soft and hard palates?
- Hard plate located more anterior.
- Soft palate located more posteriorly
Where is the nasopharynx located?
- The nasopharynx is the most superior aspect of the pharynx.
- Superiorly it is bounded by base of skull, inferiorly it is bounded by the soft palate.
Where is the cribiform plate?
- The cribiform plate is the portion of the ethmoid bone which makes up the roof of the nasal cavity.
- It helps transmit the olfactory nerves into the skull to the brain.
Describe the path of the Eustachian tube?
- The Eustachian tube passes from the middle ear through to the nasopharynx(where the adenoids are also found).
What are the main functions of the nose?
- Warm / moisten air to enter the lungs.
- Immune barrier
- Smell
- Speech
Where are the oropharynx and laryngopharynx located?
- Oropharynx - Anterior the mouth, posterior C2/C3, inferior epiglottis, superior nasopharynx. Contains the palatine tonsils.
- Laryngopharynx - Anterior the larynx, posterior C4,5,6, superior the oropharynx / epiglottis, inferior the oesophagus/cricoid cartilage. Contains the piriform fossa.
Name the 3 major salivary glands and where they are.
- Sublingual
- Sub mandibular
- Parotid gland
Where is the retromolar trigone?
Where are the anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars?
- Anterior (palatoglossus muscle)
- Posterior(palatopharangeus muscle)
What tonsils are there?
- Waldeyers ring
- Adenoids, tubal, palatine, lingual tonsils
Where is the uvula?
Where is the SCM?
Name the parts of the larynx and where they are located.
- Hyoid bone
- Thyrohyoid membrane
- Thyroid cartilage
- Thyro-cricoid membrane
- Cricoid cartilage
- Thyroid gland
What are the main functions of the mouth and throat?
- Mouth: Saliva - amylase, lysozyme + protect teeth, special sense taste, chewing / mastication.
- Throat : Passageway for food, fluid and air - makes sure they get to their correct destinations.
What are the symptoms of nose disease?
- Sinus pain (forehead, cheeks,eyes)
- sinus headache
- Green / yellow mucus from nose
- Blocked nose
What are the symptoms of disease of throat and neck?
- Pain that worsens on swallowing
- Swollen tonsils
- Hoarse / muffled voice
What are the 3 sensory inputs of the balance system?
- Somatosensory
- Visual
- Vestibular
What is vertigo?
Vertigo is more than just dizziness. It is the sensation that everything around you is spinning / or you are spinning which causes you to feel unbalanced.
What is syncope and pre-syncope?
- Pre - syncope - sensation that you are feeling lighted headed and are going to faint.
- Syncope - When you’ve fainted and then regained consciousness.
- What is nystagmus?
- What is the fast and slow phase?
- Nystagmus is involuntary, rhythmic side to side or up/down movement of the eyes.
2.Slow phase - eye slowly drifts to one side, fast phase where it quickly snaps back to primary position.
When a patient comes in presenting with a balance disorder, which systems are you focussing on?
- Cardiovascular
- MSK
- Ear / vestibular apparatus
- Somatosensory system (central/peripheral nervous system)
- Visual problems
