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YEAR 3 GP - RT > Tutorial 4 - Dermatology (A) - terminology > Flashcards

Tutorial 4 - Dermatology (A) - terminology Flashcards

1
Q

How would you structure a dermatological history?
1. Explore history of presenting complaint.
2. Explore PMH
3. Explore FH
4. Explore social history
5. Current medication.
6. Explore how it affects their quality of life.

A
  1. History - Duration of lesion, associated symptoms (i.e. itching, bleeding, blistering, systemic symptoms), evoloution of rash / lesion, fluctuate or persistent lesion, relieving / exacerbating factors, past treatments tried.
  2. PMH - History of skin conditions, conditions which can present with skin changes.
  3. FH - Some skin conditions can run in the family i.e., psoriasis.
  4. Social history - Work / hobbies, exposure to sun, sun bed use, smoking / alcohol, sexual history, travel.
  5. Current medications - Prescribed, OTC and herbal current treatments.
  6. How is the dermatological concern affecting the patient’s life and mental health.
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2
Q

How would you examine a dermatological lesion ?

A
  • INSPECT
  • DESCRIBE
  • PALPATE
  • SYSTEMIC CHECK
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3
Q

What is involved in the INSPECTION ?

A
  • General observation
  • Comment if rash or lesion
  • Establish pattern of distribution.
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4
Q

What is involved in the DESCRIPTION ?

A
  • ABCD:
  • Asymmetry (is it a mirror image?)
  • Boarders (has it got regular boarders?)
  • Colours (Is it one colour / mixture of colours)
  • Diameter (size)
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5
Q

What is involved in the PALPATION?

A
  • TEMPERATURE
  • TENDERNESS
  • MOBILITY
  • CONSISTENCY
  • SURFACE
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6
Q

What is involved in the SYSTEMIC CHECK?

A

Examine nailbeds, scalp, hair and mucous membranes.

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7
Q

What is meant by PRURITUS?

A

Itching

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8
Q

What is meant by LESION?

A
  • Single area of altered skin.
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9
Q

What is meant by RASH?

A
  • Multiple lesions
  • Widespread eruptions
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10
Q

What is meant by NAVEUS?

A
  • Another term for a mole.
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11
Q

What is meant by COMEDONE?

A
  • Blockage of a sebaceous follicle by sebum, can present as whiteheads or blackheads.
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12
Q

What is meant by GENERALISED?

A
  • All over the body.
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13
Q

What is meant by LOCALIZED?

A
  • Restricted to one area of skin only.
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14
Q

What is meant by FLEXURAL?

A
  • In body folds, i.e. groin, behind ears.
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15
Q

What is meant by EXTENSOR ?

A
  • Knees, elbows, shins.
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16
Q

What is meant by DISCRETE?

A
  • Individual lesions separated from each other.
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17
Q

What is meant by CONFLUENT

A
  • Individual lesions merging together.
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18
Q

What is meant by LINEAR?

A
  • In a line.
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19
Q

What is meant by TARGET?

A
  • Concentric rings - like that of a target.
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20
Q

What is meant by ANULAR?

A
  • Like a circle or ring.
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21
Q

What is meant by ERYTHEMA?

A
  • Redness which is often due to inflammation / vasodilation - when pressure applied seems to disappear (blanching).
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22
Q

What is meant by PURPURA, PETECHIAE, ECCHYMOSES?

A
  • PETECHIAE - small, pinpoint bleeding (red/purple/brown non blanching lesions)
  • PURPURA and ECCHYMOSES are progressively larger red/purple/brown non blanching lesions.
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23
Q

What is meant by HYPOPIGMENTATION?

A
  • Areas of paler skin.
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24
Q

What is meant by HYPERPIGMENTATION?

A
  • Areas of darker skin.
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25
Q

What is meant by DE-PIGMENTATION?

A
  • White skin due to absence of melanin.
26
Q

What is meant by MACULE?

A
  • Flat area of altered colour < 1 cm
27
Q

What is meant by PATCH?

A
  • Flat area of altered skin > 1 cm
28
Q

What is meant by PAPULE?

A
  • Solid raised lesion <0.5 cm
29
Q

What is meant by NODULE?

A
  • Solid raised lesion > 1 cm
30
Q

What is meant by PLAQUE?

A
  • Scaling, raised lesion >0.5 cm
31
Q

What is meant by VESICE?

A
  • Raise clear fluid lesion < 0.5 cm
32
Q

What is meant by BULLA?

A
  • Raised clear fluid lesion > 0.5cm
33
Q

What is meant by PUSTULE?

A
  • Raised, pus containing lesion < 0.5 cm
34
Q

What is meant by ABSCESS?

A
  • Localized accumulation of pus deep in dermis or hypodermis.
35
Q

What is meant by EXCORIATION?

A
  • Loss of epidermis following trauma.
36
Q

What is meant by LICHENIFICATION?

A
  • Thickening / leathery feel of skin.
37
Q

What is meant by SCALE?

A
  • Visable flakes of the stratum corneum.
38
Q

What is meant by CRUST?

A
  • Dried exudates (blood)
39
Q

What is meant by SCAR?

A
  • New fibrous tissue which occurs post wound healing.
40
Q

What is meant by ULCER?

A
  • Loss of epidermis and dermis.
41
Q

What is meant by FISSURE?

A
  • An epidermal crack often due to excessive dryness.
42
Q

What is meant by STRIAE?

A
  • Stretch marks which progress from purple to pink to white.
43
Q

What is meant by ALOPECIA ?

A
  • Loss of hair
44
Q

What is meant by HIRSUTISM ?

A
  • Growth of short, course hairs o face, neck, stomach, thighs of a women.
45
Q

What is meant by CLUBBING ?

A
  • Convex, like an upside-down spoon.
46
Q

What is meant by KOILONYCHIA ?

A
  • Concave, like a spoon.
47
Q

What is meant by PITTING ?

A
  • Shallow / deep depression in nail plate.
48
Q

What are the functions of skin?

A
  • Protection
  • Temperature regulation
  • Sensation
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • First line defence - immunosurveillance.
49
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Subcutaneous tissue / hypodermis.
50
Q

What layers make up the epidermis?

A
  • Stratum lucidum (only present on some parts of skin i.e., sole of fee).
  • Stratum corneum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum Basale (actively dividing cells)
51
Q

What pathology might affect the epidermis?

A
  1. Changes in the epidermal turnover rate leading to psoriasis.
  2. Changes in the surface of the skin - scales / crusting / ulcer.
  3. Hyper / hypo pigmentation.
52
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A
  • The dermis is made up of collagen and elastin which give it its strength and elasticity. It also contains immune cells, blood cells, nerve cell, hair shaft / follicle, sebaceous glands, sweat glands.
53
Q

What pathology might affect the dermis?

A
  • Changes in the contour of the skin - atrophic scarring.
  • Papules / nodules
  • Changes related to the blood vessels i.e., erythema (vasodilation), urticaria (increased permeability of the blood vessels), purpura (capillary leakage).
54
Q

What are the 3 types of hair?

A
  • Lanugo hairs (fine long hairs in a foetus)
  • Vellus hair (fine short hair found on all body surfaces)
  • Terminal hair (coarse long hair on the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes and pubic hair).
55
Q

What is the structure of hair?

A
  • Hair shaft
  • Hair root
  • Hair follicle
56
Q

What are the 4 hair follicle stages?

A
  • Anagen (growing phase)
  • Catagen (transition phase)
  • Telogen (resting phase)
  • Exogen (shedding phase)
57
Q

What pathology might affect the hair?

A
  • Reduced / absent melanin production leading to grey / white hair.
  • Changes in the duration of the growth cycles.
58
Q

Briefily describe the structure of the nails.

A
  • Nail plate - outer keratin cover
  • Nail matrix - Where the nail plate starts to grow from
  • Nail bed - Contains blood capillaries which give nails them their pink colour.
59
Q

What pathology can affect the nails?

A
  • Abnormalities of the nail bed i.e., splinter haemorrhage.
  • Abnormalities of the nail plate i.e., discolouration
  • Abnormalities of the nail matrix i.e., pits
60
Q

What are sebaceous glands and what pathology can they cause?

A
  • Produce sebum, which travels to skin via hair follicle (pilosebaceous unit). The sebum lubricates and waterproofs the skin.
  • Sebaceous glands are stimulated by the conversion of androgens to DHT.
  • When you have excess sebum production it can block up the hair follicles leading to acne.

YEAR 3 GP - RT (24 decks)

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