Tutorial

Question 1

Answer 1

Receptor agonist; Muscarine

Inhibt AChE; o-isopropyl-methylphosphono, fluoridate, sarin

Question 2

What is the effect of adminstering therapeutic doses of atropine on the follownf physiological functions

• pupilary diameter in the eye
• GIT motility
• acid and pepsin secretion in the stomach
• respiratory trat secretion and bronchial lumen
• heat rate

Answer 2

• pupilary diameter decrease
• GIT motility decrease
• acid and pepsin secretion in the stomach decrease
• respiratory trat secretion and bronchial lumen decrease
• heat rate increase

Question 3

Answer this photo

Answer 3

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

Explain what the parasympathetic and sympathetic system does to the eye

Answer 5

Parasympathetic stimulation contracts radial and circular muscle of the iris causing pupillary constriction.

Sympathetic stimulation relaxes the radial and circular muscle causing papilary relaxtion because it helps you see more of what you have to fight

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

Answer 7

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

Answer 9

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

Answer 11

Question 12

Previously we identified the two arms of the autonomic nervous system as parasympathetic & sympathetic. While Acetylcholine is the major neurotransmitter in the cholinergic system, what are the major neurotransmitters in the adrenergic system?

Answer 12

Catecholamines

Question 13

At the adrenergic neurones, an AP causes depolarisation & an influx of Ca2+. This triggers catecholamine release by exocytosis, followed by activation of postjunctional receptors. Outline the mechanisms that account for inactivation of neurotransmitters of the catecholamine or monoamine class in the nervous system or at neuronal junctions?

Answer 13

Lack of action potential

Transporters reuptake from the synpatic cleft

Enzymatic degradation

Question 14

Just like the cholinergic system, effects of adrenergic sympathetic activation are mediated through a series of complex G-protein couple receptor (GPCRs) signaling. Outline the commonest adrenergic receptors in the peripheral and comment on their distribution

1. Alpha-1
2. Alpha-2
3. Beta-1
4. Beta-2
5. Dopamine

Answer 14

1. Alpha-1 –smooth muscles & blood vessels, CNS
2. Alpha-2 some organ systems but mostly CNS-presynaptic & postsynaptic
3. Beta-1 (mainly heart)
4. Beta-2 some organ systems, lungs, some large blood vessels
5. Dopamine-brain, coronary, kidney & mesenteric

Question 15

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Question 16

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Question 17

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Question 18

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Question 19

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Question 20

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Question 21

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Question 22

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Question 23

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Question 24

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Question 25

Answer 25

the answer is A

Question 26

Answer 26