lecture 6 - autonomic pharmacology

Question 1

there are 2 antagonist and anatomically physiologically, biochemically and pharmacologically distinct arms of the autonomic nervous system these are a) b) The C system primary controls skeletal muscle and motor activity

Answer 1

there are 2 antagonist and anatomically physiologically, biochemically and pharmacologically distinct arms of the autonomic nervous system these are a) parasympathetic b) sympathetic The somatic system primary controls skeletal muscle and motor activity

Question 2

I) A is response for maintaining the day- to -day functions including excretion, digestion, energy conservation etc.

ii) B predominates under stress or during the fight or fight person characterised by elevated heart and respiration rate, glycolysis etc.

Answer 2

I) parasympathetic is response for maintaining the day- to -day functions including excretion, digestion, energy conservation etc.

ii) sympathetic predominates under stress or during the fight or fight person characterised by elevated heart and respiration rate, glycolysis etc.

Question 3

For acetylcholine list it definition where is located characteristics

Answer 3

acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system but it is also the major transmitter at; post ganglioinc sympathetic nerves at sweat glands ganglia in the sympathetic ANS adernal gland multiple neurotransmitter commonly exist within 1 neutron and maybe differentially released

Question 4

Explain the storage and the synthesis of ACh

Answer 4

AcH is stored in vesicles Choline is pumped into the neurone and this transport of choline is a rate limiting step in ACh synthesis the action potential in the neurone causes the opening of voltage sensitive Ca channels and the lease of Each, which triggers a postsynaptic physiological response ACh is rapidly hydrolysed into choline and acetic acid by acetylcholineesterase.

Question 5

what enzyme mediates the synthesis of ACh? what is the rate limiting step an ACh biosynthesis

Answer 5

what enzyme mediates the synthesis of ACh? cholinesterase enzyme what is the rate limiting step an ACh biosynthesis the entering of the choline

Question 6

what is an inhibitor of cholinesterase and what would occur if there was too much

Answer 6

organic phosphate is the important inhibitor of cholinesterase which is the enzyme which synthesis ACh if there was too much of organic phosphate this will cause diarrhoea

Question 7

Parasympathetic agent act directly on exocrine glands and smooth muscles where they cause? 1) A. stimulation, increasing secretions B suppression, decreasing secretions 2) A. smooth muscle contraction B. smooth muscle relaxation

Answer 7

Parasympathetic agent act directly on exocrine glands and smooth muscles where they cause? 1) A. stimulation, increasing secretions 2)A. smooth muscle contraction

Question 8

List the effects of ACh on the heart and the lungs

Answer 8

effects of ACh decrease heart rate in lungs cause bronchi constriction by causes contraction of the smooth muscles and increase secretion of the mucous in the lungs

Question 9

For Act what mediated the effects and list the aganostis

Answer 9

effect of ACh are mediated via cholinergic receptors,

which have 2 agnostics which control there responsive which are

• muscarinci receptors postganglionic parasympathetic neurons (eg. heart muscle) and non-innervated sites in vascular endothelium ‘spinal cord and brain
• nicotinic receptors sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia adernal medulada neuromuscular junction

Question 10

What is the endogenous neurotransmitter responsible for physiological changes in the smooth muscles in the alveoli and the bronchial tree a. noradrenaline b. histamine c. serotonine d. adrenaline e. acetylcholine

Answer 10

e. acetylcholine

Question 11

What cholingeric receptor Sub-typ will mediate parasympathetic effects in the lungs and bronchial three? a. alpha subtype 1 b. alpha subtype 2 c. beta subtype 1 d. Muscarinic subtype M2 e. serotonin

Answer 11

d. Muscarinic subtype M2

Question 12

For heart list the time types of effector tissue, receptor and parasympathetic response

Answer 12

-effector tissue heart; SA node, AV node, ventricles -receptor; M2 -parasympathetic response; decrease HR decrease conduction velocity decrease contractile force

Question 13

For the effector tissue GIT list the receptors and parasympathetic response

Answer 13

-effector tissue GIT smooth muscle sphincters secretions gall bladder and ducts -receptors: M3 -parasympathetic response; increased motility and tone relaxed increased contractions

Question 14

For the effector tissue lungs list the receptors and parasympathetic response

Answer 14

-effector tissue lungs -receptor M2 -parasympathetic response contraction (bronchial constrict) stimulation (increased secretion)

Question 15

For the effector tissue salivary glands list the receptors and parasympathetic response

Answer 15

effector tissue; salivary glands receptor; M3 parasympathetic response; profuse watery secretion

Question 16

For the effector tissue urinary bladder list the receptors and parasympathetic response

Answer 16

effector tissue; urinary bladder fungus and sphincter receptor; M3 parasympathetic response;

fundus; contraction (increased micturition)

sphinter; relaxation (increased micturition)

Question 17

List the mechanisms of intervention in the cholinergic system

Answer 17

mechanism of intervention in cholinergic system

• inhibition of ach synthesis
• promote ach release
• cholinesterase inhibitors
• receptor modulation
• prevent ACh storage

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